According to Stephen Finlay, 'A ought to X' means that X-ing is more conducive to contextually salient ends than relevant alternatives. This in turn is analysed in terms of probability. I show why this theory of 'ought' is hard to square with a theory of a reason's weight which could explain why 'A ought to X' logically entails that the balance of reasons favours that AX-es. I develop two theor...

In contrast to problem-solving procedures that are the “bricks and mortar” of demonstrations in mathematics textbooks, heuristics, defined by Polya as “the study means methods problem solving”, those mental actions enable practitioner make progress when it is not clear how solve problems directly. Yet, essential heuristic tools are, they tend be included presentations textbooks. The overarching...

In evaluating any deontic claim, be it a claim about personal or impersonal obligation, we need a conception of the relevant possibilities. But which possibilities count as relevant will depend on whether we are evaluating claims about personal or impersonal obligation. When we are asking what a given agent, x, ought to do at time t, we hold fixed all those facts that are outside this agent‟s c...

Speciesists believe that membership in a particular species is morally relevant. Morally relevant properties entitle their possessors to have their interests considered preferentially relative to those individuals who lack that property. Those dispensing consideration incur obligations or, minimally, options, to act with bias. As a matter of fact, all known speciesists are human speciesists, no...

In 1935, the Nazi government introduced what came to be known as the abrogation of the prohibition of analogy. This measure, a feature of the new penal law, required judges to stray from the letter of the written law and to consider instead whether an action was worthy of punishment according to the ‘sound perception of the people’ and an ‘underlying principle’ of an existing criminal statute. ...

purpose:the purpose of the present study is to determine the level of knowledge sharing and creativity and the relationship between them. among libraries’ librarians tarbiat modares university in 1392. methodology : the methodology applied for the present study is descriptive-correlation .  the study population included 50 librarians and libraries of humanities, engineering and the central libr...