Carrier-mediated water cotransport is currently a favored explanation for water movement against an osmotic gradient. The vestibule within the central pore of Na(+)-dependent cotransporters or GLUT2 provides the necessary precondition for an osmotic mechanism, explaining this phenomenon without carriers. Simulating equilibrative glucose inflow via the narrow external orifice of GLUT2 raises ves...

Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging water treatment technology with potential applications in desalination and wastewater reclamation. In FO, water is extracted from a feed solution using the high osmotic pressure of a hypertonic solution that flows on the opposite side of a semipermeable membrane; however, solutes diffuse simultaneously through the membrane in both directions and may jeopardiz...

A theoretical model incorporation both active and passive forces has been developed for fluid reabsorption from split oil droplets in rat intermediate and late proximal tubule. Of necessity, simplifying assumptions have been introduced; we have assumed that the epithelium can be treated as a single membrane and that the membrane "effective" HCO3 permeability is near zero. Based on this model wi...

Manning, R. Davis, Jr. Chronic lymph flow responses to hyperproteinemia. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 44): R135–R140, 1998.—The long-term responses of lymph flow, lymph protein transport, and the permeability-surface area (PS) product to hyperproteinemia have been studied in conscious dogs. Plasma protein concentration (PPC) was increased by daily intravenous infus...

1. Three experiments were conducted to determine the flow of nitrogen through the rumen and abomasum when cows, steers and lambs were totally nourished on volatile fatty acids infused into the rumen. 2. In two dairy cows (650-700 kg) and two large steers (370-405 kg) the daily flow of non-ammonia-N (NAN) from the rumen was 50.7 and 58 mg/kg live weight (W)0.75 respectively. 3. The flows of NAN ...

Fluidic flow and species transport in integrated microfluidic devices can readily be simulated with computational fluid dynamics. Nevertheless, the common practice to evaluate the solution accuracy is to decrease the discretization size (i.e., mesh size) until the value of the quantity of interest (termed ‘‘output’’ here-in) does not change within a fixed tolerance. For systems of partial diffe...

in this paper, numerical investigation of a flat passive micromixer with heterogeneous surface properties that the flow through it, is driven by the electroosmotic flow have been presented. the governing equations, which consist of a laplace equation for the distribution of external electric potential, a poisson equation for the distribution of electric double layer potential, modified navier-s...

Studies of hepatic bile formation reported in 1958 established that it was an osmotically generated water flow. Intravenous infusion of sodium taurocholate established a high correlation between hepatic bile flow and bile acid excretion. Secretin, a hormone that stimulates bicarbonate secretion, was also found to increase hepatic bile flow. The sources of the water entering the biliary system w...

Sudden exposure of dissociated hippocampal neurons to strongly hypoor hyperosmotic solutions suppresses voltage gated Na +, K + and Ca 2+ currents. We investigated whether ligand gated ion currents were similarly shut down by exposure to anisosmotic solutions. The effect of hypo-osmotic, NaCI deficient (mannitol-substituted), or hyper-osmotic test solutions delivered from a flow pipette was tes...

Sudden exposure of dissociated hippocampal neurons to strongly hypo- or hyperosmotic solutions suppresses voltage gated Na+, K+ and Ca2+ currents. We investigated whether ligand gated ion currents were similarly shut down by exposure to anisosmotic solutions. The effect of hypo-osmotic, NaCl deficient (mannitol-substituted), or hyper-osmotic test solutions delivered from a flow pipette was test...