first-year university students do not always know what they are trying to write. The problem certainly is not confined to each student’s freshman year—sophomores, seniors, professional writers, and academics all face it. But the struggle to reconcile competing and often contradictory ways of thinking, speaking, and writing are made particularly acute for many first-year students because they ar...

Discourse analyses of science teaching have revealed patterns of knowledge structures (KS) reflecting Halliday's observation that science teaching involves constructing technical taxonomies and relating them in logical sequences. In science education, this pattern has included problem solving as a way for teachers to assess learning. Science has always been considered an academic subject, but h...

This study examined teacher}student discourse from a sociocultural perspective in order to ascertain the nature of e!ective instruction for school-age students with learning disabilities. This discussion examines one teacher's resource room instruction that was part of a larger study of teacher}student discourse. The results suggested two considerations: (1) the importance of teacher self-re#ec...