Oral fluid specimens (N = 1406) were collected from 19 subjects prior to and up to 72 h following controlled administration of oral codeine. Volunteers provided informed consent to participate in this National Institute on Drug Abuse Institutional Review Board-approved protocol. A modification of Cozart Microplate Opiate EIA Oral Fluid Kit (Opiate ELISA), employing codeine calibrators, was used...

OBJECTIVE We aim to examine predictors of opiate abstinence status 3 months after the end of buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid-dependent participants. PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants (n= 516, age > 15 years) received buprenorphine/ naloxone treatment for 4 weeks and then randomly assigned to undergo dose tapering over either 7 days or 28 days. Bivariate analysis was performed to i...

BACKGROUND Violent conflicts disproportionately affect populations in low and middle-income countries, and exposure to conflict is a known risk factor for mental disorders and substance use, including use of illicit opiates. Opiate use can be particularly problematic in resource-limited settings because few treatment options are available and dependence can impede economic development. In this ...

The periaqueductal grey (PAG) area is involved in pain modulation as well as in opiate-induced anti-nociceptive effects. The PAG possess dopamine neurons, and it is likely that this dopaminergic network participates in anti-nociception. The objective was to further study the morphology of the PAG dopaminergic network, along with its role in nociception and opiate-induced analgesia in rats, foll...

Objective: Opiate addiction is characterized by compulsive drug use and severe withdrawal symptoms during abstinence. Heantos 4, an herbal pharmacotherapy recently approved for opiate withdrawal treatment in Vietnam, has shown anti-craving properties. The present study is the first preclinical assessment of the effects of Heantos 4 on opiate withdrawal and the rewarding properties of morphine, ...

This study sought to explore the degree of orexin levels in Chinese opiate and methamphetamine addicts and the differences between them. The cross-sectional study was conducted among detoxified drug addicts from Mandatory Detoxification Center (MDC) in five Chinese cities. Orexin levels were assayed with radioimmunoassay (RIA). Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to detect dif...

Spinal cord is a necessary pathway that transfers the body nociceptive inputs to the brain. Endogenous opiate peptides have been proven to participate in the nociceptive process at spinal level. It has reported that serotonin (5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) in spinal cord plays a role in pan modulation, which can be blocked by opiate receptor antagonists. The present study was designed to investiga...

Interactions between neuronal responses mediated by opiate receptors and by alpha 2-adrenoceptors were characterized in the amygdala. Extracellular single-unit recordings and microiontophoresis were performed using five-barrel microelectrodes in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. A subpopulation of amygdaloid cells displayed inhibitory responses to morphine or D-Ala,D-Leu-enkephalin; antagonist...

Background: Whilst several studies have demonstrated poor cardiovascular health in opiate dependence, its role as a cardiovascular risk factor has not been considered. Methods: Pulse wave analysis was undertaken by radial arterial tonometry (SphygmoCor) in female control and opiate-dependent patients and compared to lifetime opiate use. Results: 222 opiate dependent women were compared to 175 c...