3. Any term/concept, if not sufficiently defined (as in mathematics or physics) but focused on the IRRIIS needs should have an explicit working definition which has to enable to use it as an operational concept ( it means some set of operations on it are possible). For example, these definitions should enable in the computational manner : a clear separation of the LCCIs networks layers : physic...

Mathematics is forcing towards a consistent framework of theory development. Computer Science is an engineering discipline and sometimes suffers from ad-hoc definitions. Transactions are a concept that is commonly used in the database area. It is often defined in the form: given a syntactic construct in an abstract form and declare a number of properties an engine should support which is not sp...

The empirical investigation of unobservable psychological processes usually rests on operational definitions. As an alternative, we propose the use of explicit causal models. This is particularly useful in psychophysiology, where formal models can be expressed mathematically, exploiting biophysical constraints, and inverted to yield estimates of unobservable processes. In psychophysiology, rece...

We prove that the correlations present in a multipartite quantum state have an operational quantum character even if the state is unentangled, as long as it does not simply encode a multipartite classical probability distribution. Said quantumness is revealed by the new task of local broadcasting, i.e., of locally sharing preestablished correlations, which is feasible if and only if correlation...

BACKGROUND Various definitions of hyperkalaemia have been used in clinical research, and data from routine clinical practice on its incidence are sparse. We aimed to establish the incidence of hyperkalaemia in patients with newly diagnosed heart failure in the UK general population using different definitions for the condition. METHODS We conducted a large retrospective cohort study using dat...

This integrative review synthesizes the finding of 16 cross-sectional surveys (25 hypotheses) on the prevalence of child abuse among nonclinical, North American samples. It is essentially a research literature on sexual abuse; only one of the studies assessed physical abuse, and there has not yet been a single study of prevalent child emotional abuse nor neglect. The following summative inferen...

In Thailand, any form of tourism that is associated with local and/or indigenous communities is treated as community-based tourism, regardless whether they have actively participated in its development and management and/or if the communities have collectively benefitted from it. Furthermore, community-based tourism is often referred to by several terms, which are used with neither distinction ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular dementia (VaD) is thought to be the most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. The commonly used International Workshop of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences (AIREN) criteria for VaD necessitate evidence of vascular disease on CT ...

INTRODUCTION There is no clear consensus as to what constitutes an obstructive ventilatory defect (OVD): Is it FEV1/FVC<lower limit of normal (LLN) or<0.70 (respectively, physiological and operational definitions)? AIM To determine, according to the two definitions, the percentage of subjects having an OVD among them explored in a lung function exploration laboratory. POPULATION AND METHODS...

This paper reports the results of a study on the inter-tester reliability of the WHO disability grading system. The WHO disability grading system is the most frequently used method of grading impairment in leprosy patients. With this method, a grade of 0-2 is assigned to each of six individual body sites (both eyes, hands and feet). The maximum grade of any of these sites is used as an overall ...