Traditionally the protection of intellectual property is regarded as a precondition for value capture. The rise of open source (OS) software and OS tangible products, so-called open design, has challenged this understanding. Openness is often regarded as a dichotomous variable (open-source vs. closed-source) and it is assumed that online developer communities demand full opening of the product’...

The current study used data from the Aberdeen Birth Cohort, 1936, to investigate the hypothesis that the positive effects of the personality trait Openness on cognitive ability are mediated by activity levels. Results of latent growth modeling analysis revealed that higher Openness predicted better reading ability, inductive reasoning, and memory performance across three testing occasions when ...

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A new parameter, here termed openness, expressing the degree of dominance or enclosure of a location on an irregular surface, is developed to visualize topographic character. Openness is an angular measure of the relation between surface relief and horizontal distance. For angles less than 90", it is equivalent to the internal angle of a cone, its apex at a DEM location, constrained by neighbor...

Openness to experience has important links to cognitive processes such as creativity, and to values, such as political attitudes. The biological origins of variation in openness to experience are, however, obscure. The centrality of ‘‘aesthetic chills’’ to high openness suggests that sympathetic nervous system activation may play a role. Here, we tested this using the low-frequency heart rate v...

We examine the effect of financial openness on the development of financial systems in a panel of 35 emerging markets during the period of 1976 to 2003. A group of indicators including variables from banking sector, stock market, and national capital accounts are used as measures of financial openness and financial development. In addition, aggregate index measures are developed to incorporate ...