debt: major default risks for dc banks, shortage of cash for the lowest-income developing countries (LICs), and uncertainty and high cost of credit for middleincome developing countries (MICs), all require attention; recycling: if OPEC surpluses are not placed in Ides to permit extra imports from des (tn-cycling) Ides will cut their purchases of such imports, and will be driven towards costly b...

The goal of the article is to analyze role Saudi Arabia in world oil market and economy for a long historical period. It shown that strategically behavior always was continues be subordinated ensuring stable supply into market. Under leadership OPEC aims at pursuing an economically rational responsible policy, supporting balance demand its thus allow¬ing avoid deep lasting price decline. Until ...

Energy Conservation: Heat Transfer Design Considerations Using Thermodynamic Principles M. Minnucci, J. Ni, A. Nikolova, L. Theodore Department of Chemical Engineering Manhattan College Abstract Environmental concerns involving conservation of energy issues gained increasing prominence during and immediately after the OPEC oil embargo of 1973. In addition, global population growth has led to an...

oil sector is the most effective sector in these countries. oil is the most important product that world industries use as the cheapest energy. the price of oil depends on the world’s supply and demand and many economic, political and geographical variables. this is the reason why the price of oil has fluctuations. the fluctuations in oil price lead to fluctuate in the oil revenues of the membe...

This paper investigates the existence of ownership effects in the global oil and gas industry, i.e. whether there are systematic performance and efficiency differentials between National Oil Companies (NOCs) and privately-owned International Oil Companies (IOCs). The dataset, which is based on a survey published by Energy Intelligence and covers 1,001 firm observation years in the period 1987 t...