Amid an increasing water scarcity in many parts of the world, virtual water trade as both a policy instrument and practical means to balance the local, national and global water budget has received much attention in recent years. Building upon the knowledge of virtual water accounting in the literature, this study assesses the efficiency of water use embodied in the international food trade fro...

We analyse how carbon emissions are reduced utilizing the new NordLink cable between Norway and Germany, taking policy plans of platform electrification in into account. Building a stochastic model based on existing data for Norwegian German electricity production demand (Open Power system data, 2020) to account uncertainty, we found that can be used as an effective way reduce by exporting rene...

How important are oil price fluctuations and oil price volatility on equity market performance? What are the policy implications if volatility turns out to be significant? We assess this issue in an economics/finance nexus for Korea using a VEC model including interest rates, economic activity, real stock returns, real oil prices and oil price volatility. Results indicate the dominance of oil p...

B ecoming independent of crude oil imports, mainly from the Middle East, is an urgent concern for many countries all over the world. In order to secure a sustainable energy supply, especially in the transportation sector, governments need to apply policies that promote the use of renewable energy technologies. The dependence on crude oil imports decreases as the production of total energy from ...