C timing of flowering is a major component of crop environmental adaptation, particularly when Water availability is a major yield-limiting factor in semi-arid regions. Hence, efficient utilization of soil water for grain production the growing season is restricted by climatic factors such depends on correct timing of flowering. Following winter (Decemberas drought and high temperature (Subbara...

One of the most important environmental factors affecting flowering time is the daily duration of light, the photoperiod, which was first discovered by Garner and Allard in the 1920s (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997, and refs. therein). Plants in which flowering occurs or is accelerated in short days (SD) or long days (LD) are known as SD plants or LD plants, respectively. LD plants often flower in...

In climates that experience short growing seasons due to drought, heat, or end-of-season frost, early flowering is a highly desirable trait for chickpea (Cicer arietinum). In this study, we mapped, sequenced, and characterized Early flowering3 (Efl3), an ortholog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) that confers early flowering in chickpea. In a recombinant inbred line ...

Extensive studies on floral transition in model species have revealed a network of regulatory interactions between proteins that transduce and integrate developmental and environmental signals to promote or inhibit the transition to flowering. Previous studies indicated FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR 1 (FPF1) gene was involved in the promotion of flowering, but the molecular mechanism was still unc...

Responses by flowering plants to climate change are complex and only beginning to be understood. Through analyses of 10,295 herbarium specimens of Himalayan Rhododendron collected by plant hunters and botanists since 1884, we were able to separate these responses into significant components. We found a lack of directional change in mean flowering time over the past 45 y of rapid warming. Howeve...

Vernalization is an essential process by which many temperate plant species acquire competence for flowering. Brachypodium distachyon is a model plant for temperate grasses including many cool-season forage and turfgrasses and cereals. Grasses with spring growth habit do not require vernalization for flowering and are typically less winter hardy. Yet the connection between vernalization and fre...

The capacity to discriminate variations in day length allows plants to align flowering with the most favourable season of the year. This capacity has been altered by artificial selection when cultivated varieties became adapted to environments different from those of initial domestication. Rice flowering is promoted by short days when HEADING DATE 1 (Hd1) and EARLY HEADING DATE 1 (Ehd1) induce ...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to compare total energy expenditure (including PAL and RMR) of Korean farmers between the farming season and off farming season and to assess the accuracy of estimated energy requirement (EER) prediction equation reported in KDRIs. SUBJECTS/METHODS Subjects were 72 Korean farmers (males 23, females 49) aged 30-64 years. Total energy expend...