In this paper we simulate a two dimensional relativistic ideal gas by implementing a relativistic elastic binary collision algorithm. We show that the relativistic gas faithfully obeys Jüttner’s speed distribution function. Furthermore, using this numeric simulation in conjunction with the energy equipartition theorem for a relativistic gas, we conclude that a moving system appears cooler.

Madagascar and its surrounding islands are among the world's greatest biodiversity hotspots, harboring predominantly endemic and threatened communities meriting special attention from biodiversity scientists. Building on the considerable efforts in recent years to inventory the Malagasy ant fauna, the myrmicine genus Nesomyrmex is reviewed and (1) subdivided into four major groups based on sali...

In the present paper, I focus on a small but important piece of the risk communication/perception puzzle, namely how individuals who differ in number ability comprehend and use numeric information about risks differently. Highly numerate individuals appear to pay more attention to numbers, better comprehend them, translate them into meaningful information, and ultimately use them in decisions. ...

Prior research demonstrates that animals and humans share an approximate number system (ANS), characterized by ratio dependence and that the precision of this system increases substantially over human development. The goal of the present research was to investigate the malleability of the ANS (as measured by Weber fraction) in adult subjects in response to feedback and to explore the relationsh...

We investigate the effective case of two-flavor neutrino oscillations in infinitely dense matter by using a perturbative approach. We begin by briefly summarizing the conditions for the three-flavor neutrino oscillation probabilities to take on the same form as the corresponding two-flavor probabilities. Then, we proceed with the infinitely dense matter calculations. Finally, we study the valid...

Measurement of population persistence is a long-standing problem in ecology; in particular, whether it is possible to gain insights into persistence without long time-series. Fractal measurements of spatial patterns, such as the Korcak exponent or boundary dimension, have been proposed as indicators of the persistence of underlying dynamics. Here we explore under what conditions a predictive re...

The Constant-Ratio Rule (CRR), an empirical technique for analysis of confusion matrices, was developed for use in predicting intelligibility of speech syllables. This study investigated the validity of the rule when applied to the data from experiments on visual form perception. English letters and simple geometric figures were tachistoscopically presented in the center of a viewing field. Res...

BACKGROUND There is debate concerning methods for calculating numbers needed to treat (NNT) from results of systematic reviews. METHODS We investigate the susceptibility to bias for alternative methods for calculating NNTs through illustrative examples and mathematical theory. RESULTS Two competing methods have been recommended: one method involves calculating the NNT from meta-analytical e...