The raphe magnus is part of an interrelated region of medullary raphe and ventromedial reticular nuclei that project to all areas of the spinal gray. Activation of raphe and reticular neurons evokes modulatory effects in sensory, autonomic, and motor spinal processes. Two physiological types of nonserotonergic cells are observed in the medullary raphe and are thought to modulate spinal pain pro...

This paper analyzes differences in welfare utilization between immigrants and natives in Sweden using a large panel data set for the years 1990 to 1996. We find that immigrants use welfare to a greater extent than natives and that differences cannot be explained by observable characteristics. Welfare participation decreases with time spent in Sweden. Refugees assimilate out-of welfare at a fast...

The present study demonstrated that 5-HT receptor mRNA was expressed with moderate level in the NRM neurons. Most of 5-HT 1A 1A receptor mRNA positive cells were 5-HT neurons, suggesting the majority of 5-HT receptor in the NRM might be autoreceptors. Eight 1A hours after carrageenan inflammation, the expression of 5-HT receptor mRNA in the NRM neurons, especially in the 5-HT neurons, 1A was si...

Repeated injection of opioid analgesics can lead to a progressive loss of effect. This phenomenon is known as tolerance. Several lines of investigations have shown that systemic, intraperitoneal administration or the microinjection of non-opioid analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) into the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter induces antinociception with some effects of to...

it has been reported that neurons in the vl pag projecting to nucleus raphe magnus (nrm) utilize excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitter. this projection plays an important role in the descending pain modulatory system. in order to determine the role of this pathway in pain perception, male rats received unilateral injection of ibotenic acid stereotaxically. for lesioning vl pag, unilateral ...

Involvement of the caudal raphe nuclei (raphe pallidus, RPa; raphe magnus, RMg, and raphe obscurus, ROb) in feeding behavior of adult rats was studied by measuring c-Fos protein expression, in animals submitted to the "meal-feeding" model of food restriction in which the rats were fed ad libitum only from 7:00 to 9:00 h, for 15 days. The experimental groups submitted to chronic fasting, named '...

To investigate analgesic neural circuits activated by electroacupuncture (EA) at different sets of acupoints in the brain, goats were stimulated by EA at set of Baihui-Santai acupoints or set of Housanli acupoints for 30 min. The pain threshold was measured using the potassium iontophoresis method. The levels of c-Fos were determined with Streptavidin-Biotin Complex immunohistochemistry. The re...

Solving a time-dependent linear differential equation towards obtaining evolution operators is a central problem in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. To this end, average Hamiltonian theory and Floquet theory have been the two commonly used theoretically methods in spin dynamics of NMR. We recently introduced the Floquet-Magnus expansion approach and here, we present the methodology of po...