acquired Clostridium difficile colitis (CA-CDI): Orville D. Heslop, Karen RoyeGreen, Kathleen Coard, and Michael R. Mulvey Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Jamaica, Department of Pathology, University of the West Indies, Jamaica, National Microbiology Laboratory 1015 Arlington St. Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2 Abstract Background: Clostridium difficile is the major cause of no...

We report a fatal case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a severely ill neonate and review 43 additional cases of invasive aspergillosis reported from 1955 through 1996 that occurred during the first 3 months of life. Eleven of the 44 patients had primary cutaneous aspergillosis, 10 had invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and 14 had disseminated disease. Most infections were nosocomial in or...

Clostridium difficile has become the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults. A substantial increase has occurred in morbidity and mortality associated with disease caused by C difficile and in the identification of new hypervirulent strains, warranting a high clinical index of suspicion for infections due to this organism. Prevention of infection requires a multidisciplinary approach, i...

Intra-abdominal infection can be caused by various sources. Primary peritonitis or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an ascetic infection. Peritonitis has been categorized as primary, secondary, tertiary or in patients with continuous dialysis. Frequent symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and fever, abdominal pain with altered mental status in patien...

We aimed to evaluate the factors associated with nosocomial infections (NIs) in under-5 children and in bacterial isolates from their blood, urine, and stool. We reviewed all under-5 hospitalized children with clinically diagnosed NIs in the inpatient ward at Dhaka Hospital of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between January and December 2012. Comparison was mad...

The Ebola epidemic in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, was recognized because of a nosocomial outbreak in Kikwit General Hospital. Initially, a diagnosis of shigella infection was suspected because many patients presented with bloody diarrhea. On 4 May 1995, blood samples from 14 acutely ill patients were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta), and on 9 May, a...

C. difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea in North America and Europe. Genomes of individual strains of C. difficile are highly divergent. To determine how divergent strains respond to environmental changes, the transcriptomes of two historic and two recently isolated hypervirulent strains were analyzed following nutrient shift and osmotic shock. Illumina based RNA-seq was us...

The intestinal tract provides an important reservoir for many nosocomial pathogens, including Enterococcus species, Enterobacteriaciae, Clostridium difficile, and Candida species. These organisms share several common risk factors and often coexist in the intestinal tract. Disruption of normal barriers, such as gastric acidity and the indigenous microflora of the colon, facilitates overgrowth of...

Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus, and is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea and colitis in the industrialized world. The incidence and mortality rates of C. difficile infection (CDI) have increased dramatically in the past decade. CDI is difficult to treat as antibiotic options are limited. Moreover, 15-35% of patients infected with C. difficile re...

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and recent outbreaks of strains with increased virulence underscore the importance of identifying novel approaches to treat and prevent relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). CDAD pathology is induced by two exotoxins, toxin A and toxin B, which have been shown to be cytotoxic and, in ...