determining the governing law on obligations of the commercial instruments ,and what criteria existsfor determining the governingin law inthe case of their mutual agreement or silence , is one of the most significant problems with which the investigator faces. in this article, it was attempted to examine the theories used for determining the qualified law of obligations of the commercial instru...

In this paper we formalize sanction-based obligations in the context of Searle’s construction of social reality. In particular, we define obligations using a counts as conditional, Anderson’s reduction to alethic modal logic and Boella and Lesmo’s normative agent. Our analysis presents an alternative criticism to the weakening rule, which has already been criticized in the philosophical literat...

4 Utterances and statements concerning obligations and permissions are 5 known as deontic expressions. They can present something of a challenge 6 when it comes to formulating their meaning and behaviour. The content 7 of these expressions can appear to support entailment relations similar to 8 those of classical propositions, but such behaviour can sometimes lead to 9 counter-intuitive outcome...

4 Utterances and statements that are concerned with obligations and per5 missions are known as deontic expressions. They can present something of 6 a challenge when it comes to formalising their meaning and behaviour. The 7 content of these expressions can appear to support entailment relations similar 8 to those of classical propositions, but such behaviour can sometimes lead to 9 counter-intu...

We investigate under what conditions contrary-to-duty (CTD) structures lacking temporal and action elements can be given a coherent reading. We argue, contrary to some recent proposals, that CTD is not an instance of defeasible reasoning, and that methods of nonmonotonic logics are inadequate since they are unable to distinguish between defeasibility and violation of primary obligations. We pro...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether hospital-acquired catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs) are accurately documented in discharge records with the use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes so that nonpayment is triggered, as mandated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Hospital-Acquired Conditions Initi...

This article describes a formal semantics fo r the deontic concepts the concepts of permiss ion and ob l iga t ion — which arises naturally f r o m the representations used in artif icial intelligence systems Instead of treating deontic logic as a branch of modal logic, wi th the standard possible wor lds semantics, we f i rst develop a language for describing actions, and we define the concept...