Abstract The role of international trade was irreplaceable at the start COVID-19 pandemic crisis, especially in medical supplies and food for all affected countries. Trade as a part this certainly should not be an element further countries` closing new barriers implementation. On contrary, it could way to exceed these problems, if participants point out same aims normal trading during crisis im...

South Korea’s growth miracle has been well documented. A large set of institutional and policy reforms in the early 1960s is thought to have contributed to the country’s extraordinary performance. In this paper, we assess the importance of one key set of policies, the trade policy reforms in Korea, as well as the concurrent GATT tariff reductions. We develop a model of neoclassical growth and t...

We analyze the effects of a domestic standard that reduces an externality associated with the consumption of the good targeted by the standard, using a model in which foreign and domestic producers compete in the domestic good market. Producers can reduce expected damage associated with the externality by incurring a cost that varies by source of origin. Despite potential protectionism, the sta...

The present difficulties of democratic welfare states in Europe are often ascribed to economic "globalization", that is to the world-wide integration of markets for capital, goods and services which has eliminated national control over boundary-crossing economic transactions, and which therefore exposes national producers to world-wide competition. In fact, however, globalization in the strict ...

due to timely process of wto negotiations, unwillingness of advanced industrial countries to give concessions to developing economies regarding tariff and non-tariff barriers on agricultural commodity imports, the ongoing initiatives in northern hemisphere to establish new and wider free trading areas which will divert trade out of the market from asian countries, and ineffectiveness of deepeni...

The Single European Market Programme was formally instigated with the Single European Act in 1987. It included around 300 measures designed to eliminate non-tariff barriers to trade (e.g. border controls, national standards, public procurement biases and national restrictions on entry). The essence of our approach is that barriers to trade/competition influence the organisation of the market (i...

I. Introduction Trade integration in Africa is often viewed in light of the European Union and other regional integration arrangements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). From this perspective, integration is regarded as necessarily destined to proceed on a linear path where tariffs and non-tariff barriers are progressively eliminated, the trade regimes of member countries are...

* We acknowledge helpful suggestions from a referee in preparing this article. Summary As with most agricultural products in world trade, trade in meat products is restricted by a variety of non-tariff barriers in different countries. In the case of New Zealand meat products there are quota restrictions in the USA, Canada, and EU markets and hygiene regulations of varying standards in most mark...

In this paper we examine how preferential trade liberalization affects the terms of trade, external tariffs and welfare of the integrating countries and the rest of the world. Our analysis is based on a three-country, three-good, general equilibrium model with symmetric customs union (CU) members. The model generalizes previous work by considering more general consumer preferences and productio...