Abstract This forum provides an outlet for assessment of research on the delegation war to non-state armed groups in civil wars. Given significant growth studies concerned with this phenomenon over last decade, critically engages present state field. First, we canvass some most important theoretical developments demonstrate heterogeneity debate. Second, expand theme complexity and investigate i...

Abstract External state support to non-state armed groups is commonly seen as a direct relationship between sponsor and rebel group. But powerful states often use third-party conduits of military aid. These intermediary are secondary, subordinate principals that part extended chains “dual delegation.” Because intermediaries likely have their own separate agendas, face double principal-agent pro...

The 564-page annual review of human rights practices around the globe, summarizes major human rights issues in more than 90 countries(1). The report documents ongoing human rights abuses by states and non-state armed groups across the globe, including attacks on civilians in conflicts in Afghanistan, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Georgia, Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territ...

The self-declared Republic of Somaliland frequently features as a prominent example for ‘autonomous’ processes of peace-building and state-making. Although its population endured civil wars both before and after its unilateral declaration of independence in 1991, this internationally unrecognized de facto state enjoys not only relative peace but also a comparatively high level of overall securi...

Transnational illicit activities, in addition to the unbridled greed for mineral resources, strongly impact Amazonian territories extending from Orinoco Mining Arc Venezuela northern Brazil, aggravating problems of environmental impacts and border security, due groups armed forces that protect explorers. In Venezuela, megabandas joined political elite controls gold mining, as well members Colom...