Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder, which affects more than 300 million people globally. The common effect of uncontrolled diabetes is the state of hyperglycemia, which results from beta-cell dysfunction as well as insulin resistance, which is accompanied with microvascular and macrovascular complications. As hyperglycemia defines diabetes, glycemic control is fun...

Diabetes is highly linked to the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). My recent meta-analysis also suggested a higher prevalence diabetes in severe COVID-19 as compared with non-severe COVID-19. Recent observational studies have shown that hyperglycemia was significantly associated both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. To prevent worse outcome COVID-19, more tight glucose control...

SGLT2 inhibitors are a new class of drugs that have been recently developed to treat type II diabetes. They lower glucose levels by inhibiting the renal Na(+)/glucose cotransporter SGLT2, thereby increasing the amount of glucose excreted in the urine. Pharmacodynamics studies have raised questions about how these inhibitors reach SGLT2 in the brush border membrane of the S1 and S2 segments of t...

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been attracting attention for cardiovascular as well as antidiabetic effects since the results of the Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients (EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial) were reported. The hematocrit increases during treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors, which have a diuretic effect but do not cause suf...

Despite the development of several pharmacological agents over the past decade, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, the management of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes remains challenging. SGLT2 inhibitors are a new class of glucose-lowering agents that have a u...

In heart failure as well in chronic kidney disease sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have changed the landscape of medical therapy. Originally developed for use diabetes, an unforeseen cardiovascular benefit extended SGLT2 inhibitor from antihyperglycemic agents to and renal risk modifying agents. As their is independent diabetic state left ventricular ejection fraction it only ...

The low affinity sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) plays a major role in physiology of glucose reabsorption from proximal part of kidney. Almost all glucose excreted through glomerular filtration, is reabsorbed via SGLT2 until blood glucose level reaches to its threshold value for glucose excretion i.e. ~180mg/dl. Increasing the glucose excretion by inhibiting the SGLT2 is the novel approach...

Risk of increasing breast and bladder cancer remains a safety issue of SGLT2 (sodium glucose cotransporter type 2) inhibitors, a novel class of antidiabetic agent. We reviewed related papers published before January 29, 2014, through Pubmed search. Dapagliflozin and canagliflozin are the first two approved SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes therapy. Although preclinical animal toxicology did not sug...