Background In the treatment of gender dysphoria, appropriate nipple-areola complex (NAC) positioning is essential for achieving a natural appearing male chest after subcutaneous mastectomy. An accurate predictive model ideal personalized position NAC still lacking. The aim this study to determine anthropometry create individualized guidelines in preoperative setting.Materials and methods Cisgen...

BACKGROUND The use of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) for both breast cancer treatment and risk reduction is increasing. There is no randomized data comparing nipple-sparing mastectomy with standard mastectomy techniques. There is evidence to suggest that ductal and lobular breast cancer arises in the terminal duct/lobular unit (TDLU). This study was undertaken to determine whether TDLUs exist ...

BACKGROUND Nipple pain and damage in breastfeeding mothers are common causes of premature breastfeeding cessation. Peppermint water is popularly used for the prevention of nipple cracks in the North West of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of peppermint water in the prevention of nipple cracks during breastfeeding in comparison with the application of expressed bre...

BACKGROUND Numerous techniques have been used to achieve long-term projection of the nipple following nipple-areola reconstruction. However, the reconstructed nipple loses projection over time. We describe a technique that uses local flaps to improve the lost projection of reconstructed nipples. METHODS Between November 2013 and March 2015, nine patients (11 nipples) underwent revisional nipp...

Introduction: Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy (NSM) is a consolidated technique that has been used for years with good aesthetic results. Its indication usually limited by breast size, due to difficulty repositioning the Nipple-Areola Complex (NAC) and treating excess skin in large breasts. The challenge these cases maximize result without increasing risk of necrosis other complications.

AIM To describe the sore throat management practices by New Zealand general practitioners (GPs) and compare the rate of sore throat presentation over time. METHOD Data were collected from the National Primary Medical Care Survey carried out over 2001/2002. Analyses were done on patients who presented to the GP with the symptom of a sore throat as one of their reasons for visit. A systematic r...

Nipple reconstruction is a commonly performed component of breast reconstruction. A nipple reconstructed using local skin flaps requires protection from trauma. Here we describe a novel, effective, simple, rapid, inexpensive, and convenient method to protect a reconstructed nipple in the early postoperative period.