Purpose: This article identifies the advantage and disadvantage of a free nipple areola complex graft (FNACG) for nipple malposition which resulted from tissue-expander insertion and subsequently replaced with an implant after nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). Methods: The subjects were three such patients treated using FNACG and who were followed up for at least one year postoperatively. The su...

OBJECTIVE To compare infant sucking and swallowing patterns during feeding with a new artificial nipple and during breast-feeding. METHODS Fifteen healthy, term infants were fed successfully for 1 week with use of the new tricut nipple; then each infant's oral cavity was examined during feeding by using real-time ultrasonography. Measurements of nipple length and compression were made, togeth...

Nipple discharge is a common symptom in clinical practice, representing the third leading breast complaint, after pain and lumps. It is usually limited and has a benign etiology. The risk of malignancy is higher when the discharge is uniductal, unilateral, spontaneous, persistent, bloody, or serous, as well as when it is accompanied by a breast mass. The most common causes of pathologic nipple ...

This study aimed at analyzing nipple trauma resulted from breastfeeding based on dermatological approach. Two integrative reviews of literature were conducted, the first related to definitions, classification and evaluation methods of nipple trauma and another about validation studies related to this theme. In the first part were included 20 studies and only one third defined nipple trauma, mor...

The near-term rat fetus exhibits brief oral grasp responses to discrete presentations of an artificial nipple. In the present experiment, an artificial nipple was presented to individual fetal subjects 10 times. Five of the presentations were timed to occur when spontaneous fetal motor activity was low and five while activity was high, as determined by the baseline activity for the individual f...

Formation of an aesthetic nipple areola complex with lasting projection remains a challenging final step in breast reconstruction. Despite the many techniques that have been described, no single approach has emerged as the gold standard. The current study presents a novel technique in nipple areola complex reconstruction. In a two-step fashion, the nipple and areola are reconstructed independen...

BACKGROUND Differential diagnosis for a nodule in the nipple or subareolar area of woman includes both primary neoplasms of breast as well as those from skin and adnexae. CASE PRESENTATION A 32-year-old woman presented with a painless 0.5 cm subareolar nodule of her left nipple that she had noticed for several months, with no associated nipple discharge. A biopsy revealed an infiltrating adne...

HYPOTHESIS Resection of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) for central breast cancers that involve the nipple or areola, with postoperative radiation therapy, adheres to the oncologic principles established for breast conservation surgery of other breast cancers. Good or excellent cosmetic results can be achieved. The rate of ipsilateral breast recurrence will be similar to that seen with periphe...

Lack of sensitivity and specificity of image-based breast cancer screening has urged the exploration of alternate screening modalities. Nipple fluid, which contains breast epithelial cells, is produced in small amounts in the breast ducts of nonlactating women and can be collected by noninvasive vacuum aspiration. After administration of nasal oxytocin, nipple aspiration yields sufficient mater...