neighborhoods within the hierarchy of urban structure are one of the smallest socio-physical building blocks of cities. traditional neighborhoods of iranian historic cities benefited from strong social relations which were flourished over the years and were manifested in the neighborhoods centers. in the modern era, the new master plans and the complementary local plans have disintegrated these...

A new definition of quasi-local mass is proposed and its positivity is proved under certain conditions.

Spermatogenesis, the process that leads the production of male gametes, consists in the progression of mitotic spermatogonia toward meiosis and spermiogenesis in order to produce functional spermatozoa. This complex process requires a deep network among a wide set of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors exerting their activity at different levels along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HP...

Part 1 comments on the types of local anaesthetics (LAs); it provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of LAs, and their pharmacokinetics and toxicity. It reviews the newer LAs such as levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, and articaine, and examines the newer structurally different LAs. The addition of adjuvants such as adrenaline, bicarbonate, clonidine, and corticosteroids is explo...