OBJECTIVE Epidemiologic research suggests that significant public health benefits can accrue from preventive interventions that delay the initiation of youth alcohol use. This analysis compares the cost effectiveness of tvo interventions designed for general population families of adolescents. It also conservatively estimates their benefit-cost ratios and net benefits. METHOD Cost-effectivene...

Well-differentiated digestive neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms usually associated with slow growth but a high rate of metastases, including peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Herein, we aimed to comprehensively review the current knowledge of PC in terms of implications for the management and prognosis of patients with NET, including the latest studies and expert ...

The development of Internet technology has facilitated the emergence of online marketplace for various kinds of tasks (e.g., Amazon’s Mechanical Turk in USA and Taskcn.com in China). Although the payment is relatively low, numerous people participate in the tasks in these online marketplaces. Drawing upon shopping value literature, we develop a research model by considering various value percep...

This paper aims to explore the analytical issues surrounding the graphical representation of causation in accident scenarios. Two types of graphical renderings, Petri Nets and Why-Because Graphs, are introduced and the different ways in which they denote accident causation are explored. The second part reports an experiment undertaken to explore whether graphical renderings of causality have an...

Fuel expenses, diesel exhaust health externalities, and climate change are concerns that encourage the use of electric vehicles. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) policies provide additional economic incentives. This analysis evaluates the costs and benefits associated with the use of electric vehicles and determines the cost effectiveness of using a V2G-capable electric school bus compared to a traditiona...

BACKGROUND Retrievable filters are increasingly implanted for prophylaxis in patients without pulmonary embolism (PE) but who may be at transient risk. These devices are often not removed after the risk of PE has diminished. This study employs decision analysis to weigh the risks and benefits of retrievable filter use as a function of the filter's time in situ. METHODS Medical literature on p...

Although the agricultural sector consumes more than 90% of the extracted water, its efficiency is lower than other sectors. Also, according to the population growth and critical role of food security, and the necessity to supply water to other sectors, an increasing pressure to save water, optimized consumption and increasing water use productivity in agriculture will occur in the future. Nowad...

Food security has a dynamic notion during the time and may be affected by various domestic and global factors.Nevertheless, Iranian policy makers consider food security as same as self-sufficiency in agricultural food products, particularly wheat production. However, self-sufficiency can contribute to food security only if it is in coincidences with comparative advantage and sustainable resourc...