Dolmabahçe ve Beylerbeyi Saraylarının aydınlatma ısınma ihtiyacını karşılamak için kurulan gazhaneler, üretim fazlasını civar semtlerin aydınlatılması dışarıyla paylaşmışlardır. İstanbul’un havagazı ile aydınlanması böylece başlamış sokaklarının umumi aydınlatması ilk olarak mümkün olmuştur. 19. Yüzyılın ortalarında Kuzguncuk gazhanelerinin ardından, Yedikule Hasanpaşa Gazhaneleri yüzyıl son çe...

This paper analyzes the effects of partial public ownership on product differentiation and social welfare in the framework of a mixed duopoly with spatial competition. It shows that unless the public ownership exceeds a critical level, maximal differentiation continues to hold and social welfare does not improve. However, both the critical level of ownership and the marginal effect of ownership...

Can income equality be combined with high economic efficiency and rapid economic growth? Fortunately, we need not answer such a general question. Indeed, the question is poorly phrased. The relationship between income and wealth distribution on one hand, and efficiency/growth on the other, depends on how a certain distribution of income and wealth has come about. For example, if a given redistr...

This article examines historical transformations of Japanese collective memory of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima by utilizing a theoretical framework that combines a model of reiterated problem solving and a theory of cultural trauma. I illustrate how the event of the nuclear fallout in March 1954 allowed actors to consolidate previously fragmented commemorative practices into a master frame t...

(1) Background: Any disturbance in the pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) can disrupt of medicines and affect efficiency health systems. Due to shortages global pharma over past few years complex nature free trade its limitations when confronted by a major humanitarian crisis, many countries have taken steps mitigate risks disruption, including, for example, recommending adoption plus one divers...