Sport development had been influenced by military, economic, political and social chaos. The period 1912 to 1927 was a tumultuous time for China, fragmented and ruled as it was by an assortment of regional military dictators or warlords. The first Chinese Republic was established in 1912 and soon collapsed, in 1916, when the first president Yuan Shih-kai died. National government ceased to exis...

Fascism belongs to the "family" of right-wing authoritarian and radical nationalist movements and regimes. Fascist movements regard the state as an organic whole and omnipotent principle transcending class interests, economic tensions, and ethnic conflicts. Fascism and authoritarianism rejected and repressed Marxist socialism, liberalism, ethnic minorities, and laissez-faire capitalism. One may...

Nationalist ideology, which emerged in the 18th century and profoundly influenced 19th, occupies a significant position human affairs concept of nation-state, despite its contradictions multidimensional structure. As nationalism gained traction ethnosymbolist mentality through values such as race, religion, language, ethnicity, it acquired different meanings around civic aftermath modernization...

this paper examines the evolution of nationalism and national identity in europe and how it was transferred to and propagated in central asia by the soviets. it further examines the challenge facing central asian peoples in the post-soviet era; namely in defining a new national identity for themselves as new independent nation-states in the age of globalization. the paper attempts to demonstrat...

By the year 1999 Scotland will have a new Parliament, the first in Scotland since 1707. This Parliament will not make Scotland a homogenous entity. Within months of the country-wide endorsement in September 1997 of a devolved Parliament divisions were already apparent, as Scotland’s two major cities, Edinburgh and Glasgow, were involved in a public debate over which city should be the temporary...