Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are polymorphic drug-metabolizing enzymes, acetylating arylamine carcinogens and drugs including hydralazine and sulphonamides. The slow NAT phenotype increases susceptibility to hydralazine and isoniazid toxicity and to occupational bladder cancer. The two polymorphic human NAT loci show linkage disequilibrium. All mammalian Nat genes have an intronless op...

1 For references to the work of Friedman, LeMaitre, Robertson, Tolman, Eddington and de Sitter in this field, see Tolman, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 16, 582 (1930). 2 Stern, Zeits. Electrochem., 31, 448 (1925); Trans. Faraday Soc., 21, 477 (1925-26). 8 Tolman, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 12, 670 (1926). 4Tolman, Phys. Rev., 35, 904 (1930). Tolman, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 14, 353 (1928). 6 Tolman, Ibid., ...

BACKGROUND It has been shown that cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and acetyltransferase can be used as biomarkers of carcinogen-DNA adduct levels and human cancer susceptibility. The gastrointestinal tract is the portal of entry of foreign compounds and presents xenobiotic metabolizing N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and CYPs activities. 5-Methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) has been used in combination with UV r...

Polymorphic Human arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) inactivates the anti-tubercular drug isoniazid by acetyltransfer from acetylCoA. There are active NAT proteins encoded by homologous genes in mycobacteria including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis BCG, M. smegmatis and M. marinum. Crystallographic structures of NATs from M. smegmatis and M. marinum, as native enzymes and with isoniazid bound shar...

To interpret effects of urea and guanidinium (GuH(+)) salts on processes that involve large changes in protein water-accessible surface area (ASA), and to predict these effects from structural information, a thermodynamic characterization of the interactions of these solutes with different types of protein surface is required. In the present work we quantify the interactions of urea, GuHCl, GuH...

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are believed to play a significant role as causes of cancer in people who use tobacco products. Whereas the uptake of one tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, has been shown by analysis of its metabolites in urine, there are no published studies on urinary levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and...

BACKGROUND Five viruses have been etiologically associated with viral hepatitis. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) remains the gold standard for diagnosis of viremic stages of infection. NAT methodologies have been developed for all hepatitis viruses; however, a NAT-based assay that can simultaneously detect all five viruses is not available. OBJECTIVES We designed TaqMan card-based assays for detec...

Syntax L3.3 k nat num(k) expr t1 expr t2 expr plus(t1, t2) expr t1 expr t2 expr times(t1, t2) expr Now we specify the proper relation between concrete and abstract syntax through several simultaneously inductive judgments. Perhaps the easiest way to generate these judgments is to add the corresponding abstract syntax terms to each of the inference rules defining the concrete syntax. 0 D←→ 0 nat...