The Amazonian period of Mars has been described as static, cold, and dry. Recent analysis of high-resolution imagery of equatorial and mid-latitude regions has revealed an array of young landforms produced in association with ice and liquid water; because near-surface ice in these regions is currently unstable, these ice-and-water-related landforms suggest one or more episodes of martian climat...

Sixteen species of bats are reported from Margarita Island, Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. These include two species of emballonurids, one noctilionid, two mormoopids, nine phyllostomatids, one vespertilionid, and one molossid. Accounts including natural history and taxonomic comments are given for each species. The chiropteran fauna of Margarita Island is compared with the bat faunas of the adjacen...

Landscape features may serve as either barriers or gateways to the spread of certain infectious diseases, and understanding the way geographic structure impacts disease spread could lead to improved containment strategies. Here, we focus on modeling the space-time diffusion process of a raccoon rabies outbreak across several states in the Eastern United States. Specifically, we measure the impa...

Topography influences ground motion and, in general, increases the amplitude of shaking at mountain tops and ridges, whereas valleys have reduced ground motions, as is observed from data recorded during and after real earthquakes and from numerical simulations. However, recent publications have focused mainly on the implications for ground motion in the mountainous regions themselves, whereas t...

the first border treaties of iran, the documents of which are available, were signed in safavid period between iran and ottoman empire. treaties were initially in the form of royal letters which were exchanged between heads of countries. they involved acceptance of peace instead of war. later on, officially sealed documents called sonurname were exchanged together with them. these documents con...

The issues of loss of quality of life and functional disruption of the river valleys are very important. In the present settlement system, the river valleys should not be places for reproducing poverty. To link the environmental values with urban development, the research is to answer the following question: How can the results of the integrated development of urban valleys be achieved via urba...