Tacrolimus is characterized by a highly variable oral bioavailability and narrow therapeutic window. Tacrolimus absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is to a large extent determined by the genotypic, phenotypic, and functional expression of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A in the gut wall and liver. It is disputed whether the gastric emptying rate per se is important for determining oral bioavaila...

BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring of cyclosporin A (CsA) is an obvious necessity because of its unpredictable absorption and narrow therapeutic window. The use of limited sampling models (LSMs) has improved the estimation of the systemic exposure [area under curve (AUC)] compared with C(0h) monitoring, but these equations are rigid and not reliable in patients with an abnormal absorption p...

The use of laser sources for optical spectroscopy experimentation is a well-established, cross-disciplinary field with an enormous number of applications in research areas as broad as Physics, Chemistry or Biology (Demtröder, 1996). The high optical intensity achieved with these types of sources, along with the extraordinary monochromaticity of their optical output, has a huge impact in spectro...

Using a combination of observations involving the Very Large Array (VLA), MERLIN and global Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) networks we have made a detailed study of the radio continuum and the neutral hydrogen (H I) kinematics and distribution within the central kiloparsec of the radio galaxy 3C 293. These observations trace the complex jet structure and identify the position of the s...

Effects of the windowing process, widely investigated by the scientific literature for narrow–band components embedded in white noise, is not sufficiently detailed when signals are corrupted by colored noise. Such a phenomenon can heavily affect the spectral parameters estimation of the noisy signal. In this paper effects of the windowing on the output of analog–to–digital converters with ∆Σ to...

Although circadian clocks are believed to have evolved under the action of periodic selection pressures (selection on phasing) present in the geophysical environment, there is very little rigorous and systematic empirical evidence to support this. In the present study, we examined the effect of selection for adult emergence in a narrow window of time on the circadian rhythms of fruit flies Dros...

We theoretically and numerically investigate the nonparaxial self-accelerating beams in a Λ-type three-level energy system of rubidium atomic vapor in the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window. In the EIT window, the absorption of the atomic vapor is small, and robust nonparaxial self-accelerating beams can be generated. The reason is that the energy of the tail transfers to the...