* Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq. Introduction disseminated gonococcal infection which presents with arthralgias, tenosynovitis, or arthritis and rush. Gonorrhea control strategies have relied on the use of highly effective and often single dose therapy administered at the time of diagnosis. The appearance and subsequent increased inciden...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility, and it can facilitate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Emergence of gonococcal resistance to penicillin and tetracycline occurred during the 1970s and became widespread during the early 1980s. More recently, resistance to fluoroquinolones developed. Resistance was documente...

BACKGROUND The association between gonorrhea and prostate cancer risk has been investigated widely, but the results remain inconsistent and contradictory. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to obtain a more precise estimate of this association. MATERIAL AND METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for papers up to June 2014 to identify eligible studies. Pooled odds ra...

BACKGROUND Expedited partner therapy (EPT), the practice of treating the sex partners of persons with sexually transmitted infections without their medical evaluation, increases partner treatment and decreases gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection rates. We conducted a stepped-wedge, community-level randomized trial to determine whether a public health intervention promoting EPT could increase it...

BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men with HIV have high sexually transmitted infection (STI) incidence. Thus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends at least yearly STI screening of HIV-infected individuals. METHODS We calculated testing rates for syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea among HIV-positive Californians with Medicare or Medicaid insurance in 2010. Logistic r...

The most common site of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is the urogenital tract. Men with this infection may experience dysuria with penile discharge, and women may have mild vaginal mucopurulent discharge, severe pelvic pain, or no symptoms. Other N. gonorrhoeae infections include anorectal, conjunctival, pharyngeal, and ovarian/uterine. Infections that occur in the neonatal period may cause o...

BACKGROUND Evolving health priorities and resource constraints mean that countries require data on sexually transmitted infections (STI) trends to inform program planning and resource allocation. METHODS The Spectrum modeling tool estimated prevalence and incidence of gonorrhea and chlamydia in Morocco's 15- to 49-year-old population, based on prevalence surveys. Incident cases, broken down b...

Gonorrhea is a set of clinical conditions resulting from infection with the sexually-acquired bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Acquisition may involve multiple mucosal sites in the lower female genital tract, including the urethra, cervix, Bartholin's and Skene's glands, as well as the anorectal canal, pharynx, and conjunctivae. It may spread to the upper genital tract, uterine tubes, ...

BACKGROUND Nationally representative surveys of chlamydia and gonorrhea are an important measure of disease burden and progress of screening programs. OBJECTIVE To measure chlamydia and gonorrhea prevalence in the United States. DESIGN Analysis of sexual history information and urine specimens collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2002. SETTING U...

For years the problem of gonorrhea has been compared to the configuration of an iceberg, with the reported cases representing only the tip. U.S. Public Health Officials estimated that only 1 in 5 cases ever came to their attention. They further believed that the kinds of people with unreported venereal disease were quite different from those who were reported. The typical gonorrhea patient w...