Lava caves differ from karstic in their genesis and mineral composition. Subsurface microbiology of lava tube Canary Islands, a volcanic archipelago the Atlantic Ocean, is largely unknown. We have focused investigation representative cave, Fuente de la Canaria Cave, La Palma Island, Spain, which presents different types speleothems colored microbial mats. Four samples collected this cave were s...

conclusions closed reduction and hybrid external fixation can be used as a definitive treatment for severe comminuted fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia, when the concomitant contusion of the skin and soft tissue damage prohibits safe open reduction and internal fixation. patients and methods in a prospective study, 44 patients with comminuted fractures of the distal femur or prox...

Maize roots can be colonized by free-living atmospheric nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteria (diazotrophs). However, the agronomic potential of non-symbiotic N2-fixation in such an economically important species as maize, has still not been fully exploited. A preliminary approach to improve our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the establishment of such N2-fixing associations has been develo...

Symbiotic associations of cellulolytic eukaryotic protists and diverse bacteria are common in the gut microbial communities of termites. Besides cellulose degradation by the gut protists, reductive acetogenesis from H2 plus CO2 and nitrogen fixation by gut bacteria play crucial roles in the host termites' nutrition by contributing to the energy demand of termites and supplying nitrogen poor in ...

Recently Phelps and Wilson (1) reported the occurrence of hydrogenase, the enzyme which activates molecular hydrogen, in nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Because HZ specifically inhibits nitrogen fixation by red clover plants inoculated with Rhizobium trijolii as well as by Azotobacter (2,3), possession of hydrogenase by these organisms may be more than merely fortuitous. The possibility must be consi...

atmospheric nitrogen fixation as an exclusive phenomenon is accomplished by nitrogenase enzyme of prokaryotic microorganisms namely diazotrophs including bacteria, actinomycets and cyanobacteria. nitrogen fixation is accomplished as form of symbiotic, associative and free-living systems. in free-living systems nitrogen is fixed without the help of plants. azotobacter, the first diazotroph was d...