In this paper, the dynamics of multicellular chopper are considered. The model is described by a continuous time three--dimensional autonomous system. Some basic dynamical properties such as Poincar'e mapping, power spectrum and chaotic behaviors are studied. Analysis results show that this system has complex dynamics with some interesting characteristics.

We present a model of optimal allocation of resources to reproduction and growth in a simple multicellular organism with limited lifespan, using a gene network formalism to simulate gene interactions within cells. The model is compatible with more conventional approaches to allocation problems in life history and in addition provides connections between processes at the gene and cell levels on ...

The Red Queen Effect is an evolutionary hypothesis [1]. This evolutionary concept is named for the Red Queen ́s comment to Alice in Through the Looking Glass that “it takes all the running you can do, to stay in the same place”. It posits that multicellular organisms with long life cycles must constantly change, adaptation process driven by the changing conditions of the environment, in order to...

The basic unit of life is the cell. All living creatures are made of cells which are small membrane-bounded units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals, the cytoplasm. Each cell is an independent entity, capable of creating copies of itself by growing and dividing into two identical daughter cells. The complete characteristics of an organism is carried by each of its cells. T...

microRNAs form an abundant class of 21–22 nucleotide, non-coding RNA that is common to diverse species of multicellular life. Although they are currently the subject of intense, directed study, the path toward their discovery has been dominated by chance and serendipity. In this review, I examine how these tiny molecules have risen from genetic obscurity to scientific stardom, and discuss the e...

Bioinorganic chemistry is critical to cellular function. Homeostasis of manganese (Mn), for example, is essential for life. A lack of methods for direct in situ visualization of Mn and other biological metals within intact multicellular eukaryotes limits our understanding of management of these metals. We provide the first quantitative subcellular visualization of endogenous Mn concentrations (...

Helminths are multicellular eukaryotic invertebrates with complex life cycles and development. Nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) are 2 groups of helminths that colonize the interior of humans. The nematodes include most of intestinal wormsand the filarial worms, whereas the platyhelminths include the flukes, such as the schistosomes, and the tapeworms [1]. Unlike other patho...