Mulligan and Rubinstein (2008) (MR) argued that changing selection of working females on unobservable characteristics, from negative in the 1970s to positive in the 1990s, accounted for nearly the entire closing of the gender wage gap. We argue that their female wage equation estimates are inconsistent. Correcting this error substantially weakens the role of the rising selection bias (39 % vers...

There is much debate about the usefulness of the neoclassical growth model for assessing the macroeconomic impact of fiscal shocks. We test the theory using data from World War II, which is by far the largest fiscal shock in the history of the United States. We take observed changes in fiscal policy during the war as inputs into a parameterized, dynamic general equilibrium model and compare the...

Generation is thought to enhance both item-specific and relational processing of generated targets as compared with read words (M. A. McDaniel & P. J. Waddill, 1990). Generation facilitates encoding of the cue-target relation and sometimes boosts encoding of relations across list items. Of interest is whether generation can also increase the encoding of target-location associations. Because the...

Kevin Mulligan defends the view that there are relations but that all relations are internal relations. There are, according to him, no external relations, but only internal relations. He argues that true predications of external relations between things are made true by internal relations between tropes of these things. I think that he is right in claiming that one can do without external rela...

Thanks to Eric Verhoogen, James Heintz, Stephanie Eckman, Nicole Huber, and Melissa Osborne for research assistance, to the University of Siena for providing an unparalleled environment for research and writing, to Robert Boyd, Colin Camerer, Robert Cialdini, Lilia Costabile, Joshua Cohen, Gerald Cohen, Martin Daly, Peter Dorman, Catherine Eckel, Marcus Feldman, Ernst Fehr, Nancy Folbre, Christ...

For instance, it has been widely reported how players form meaningful – even emotional – ties to other players (e.g. Koster, 1998). Equally well-studied are phenomena such as identity play (Turkle, 1997), personality types of players (Yee, 2001), discrepancies between apparent game goals and actual player behaviour (Jakobsson & Taylor, 2003), the formation and negotiation of norms, the politics...