The abstract is: Qualitative research is just as able as quantitative research to follow certain fundamental principles of logic in general and scientific reasoning in particular. Two such principles are the logic of modus ponens and the logic of modus tollens. In this essay, we frame different research approaches – positivist research, interpretive research, action research, and design researc...

We establish a probabilized version of modus tollens, deriving from p(E jH)1⁄4 a and p( E)1⁄4 b the best possible bounds on p( H). In particular, we show that p( H)! 1 as a, b ! 1, and also as a, b ! 0.

Abstract During the peak of Covid-19 pandemic, 46 Portuguese authors collaborated on a serialized hypertext novel: Bode Inspiratório , translated into English as Escape Goat . It draws attention to escapism in literature and calls mind 21st-century retelling Decameron which belongs rich sets texts emanating from The Thousand One Nights we define ars moriendi By transferring act collective story...

The modus ponens (A → B, A ∴ B) is, along with modus tollens and the two logically not valid counterparts denying the antecedent (A → B,¬A ∴ ¬B) and affirming the consequent, the argument form that was most often investigated in the psychology of human reasoning. The present contribution reports the results of three experiments on the probabilistic versions of modus ponens and denying the antec...

This paper is devoted to the study of discrete implications that satisfy modus ponens (MP), modus tollens (MT) or both (MPT). The main goal is to characterize all R, S, QL and D-implications on a finite chain L satisfying these properties for a given smooth t-norm T1. The non-smooth case is also discussed for a special family of t-norms.