We introduce a new semantics for modal predicate logic, with respect to which a rich class of first-order modal logics is complete, namely all normal first-order modal logics that are extensions of free quantified K. This logic is defined by combining positive free logic with equality PFL . = and the propositional modal logic K. We then uniformly construct—for each modal predicate logic L—a can...

Multi-modal virtual environments succeed better, than single-channel technologies, in creating the 'sense of presence'. We hypothesize that the underlying cognitive mechanism is related to a faster mental processing of multimodal events. Comparing reaction time in uni-modal, bimodal and tri-modal events, we show that the processing speed is: uni-modal > bi-modal > tri-modal. Given this advantag...

Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh, during 2001-2002, was studied and compared with that of 1991-1992 to identify the changes in resistance patterns and trends. A significant increase in resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (from 52% to 72%, p < 0.01) and nalidixic acid (from 19% to 51%, p < 0.01) was detected. High, but unchanged, resistance to tetracycline, am...

BACKGROUND The global resurgence of tuberculosis is a significant threat. Lamiaceae members have been used in folk remedies for centuries. This study was designed to assess the in-vitro antimycobacterial activity of eighteen crude extracts from six plants (Lamiaceae) and to characterize their phenolic and flavonoid compounds. METHODS Six Turkish medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae (Stach...

We introduce distributive unimodal logic as a modal logic of binary relations over posets which naturally generalizes the classical modal logic of binary relations over sets. The relational semantics of this logic is similar to the relational semantics of intuitionistic modal logic and positive modal logic, but it generalizes both of these by placing no restrictions on the accessibility relatio...

Modal transition systems provide a behavioral and compositional specification formalism for reactive systems. We survey two extensions of modal transition systems: parametric modal transition systems for specifications with parameters, and weighted modal transition systems for quantitative specifications.

Fluid licking in mice is an example of a rhythmic behavior thought to be under the control of a central pattern generator. Inbred strains of mice have been shown to differ in mean or modal interlick interval (ILI) duration, suggesting a genetic-based variation. We investigated water licking in the commonly used inbred strains C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2), using a commercially available contact...

In the present research, free vibration and modal stress analyses of thin circular plates with arbitrary edge conditions, resting on two-parameter elastic foundations are investigated.  Both Pasternak and Winkler parameters are adopted to model the elastic foundation. The differential transform method (DTM) is used to solve the eigenvalue equation yielding the natural frequencies and mode shape...

this paper uses a psopc model based non-destructive damage identification procedure using frequency and modal data. the objective function formulation for the minimization problem is based on the frequency changes. the method is demonstrated by using a cantilever beam, four-bay plane truss and two-bay two-story plane frame with different scenarios. in this study, the modal data are provided nume...

We prove new Lindström theorems for the basic modal propositional language, and for the guarded fragment of first-order logic. We find difficulties with such results for modal languages without a finite-depth property, high-lighting the difference between abstract model theory for fragments and for extensions of first-order logic. 1 What is modal logic? I would broadly endorse the 'minimal desi...