European settler mortality has been proposed as an instrument to predict the causal effect of colonial institutions on differences in economic development. We examine the relationship between mortality, temperature, and economic development in former European colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. We find that (i) European settler mortality rates increased with regional temperatures and (i...

The NRAO CDL is preparing to construct test receivers for use in production of the Band-6 mixer-preamps for ALMA. The discussion below applies primarily to the mixer-preamp to test receiver interface, but should also be useful as a guide to the mixer-preamp interface with the cartridges — all the listed connections will be available on the mixer-preamp and can be used as desired by the cartridg...

This paper is a design and implementation of a monitoring and control system for industrial mixer using PLC .This mixer used for an effective, reliable and highly flexible method for the control of processes within an Industrial environment. The objective of this study is to simulate the control an industrial mixer and by doing this we can develop a program that can be used for the actual imple...

During the last years, the efficiency of pollution removal and sludge treatment processes are major concerns because of the more restrictive legislation related to nutrient discharge. A key point in the field of activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is the secondary settler efficiency. This paper presents a benchmark study to control, using fuzzy algorithms, the sludge height in ...

This paper presents a 20–32-GHz wideband BiCMOS mixer with an IF bandwidth of 12 GHz. The mixer utilizes an inductive peaking technique to extend the bandwidth of the downconverted IF signal. To our knowledge, the proposed mixer achieves the widest IF bandwidth using silicon-based technologies in -band. Analytical expressions for the conversion gain and output noise of the proposed mixer are pr...

A room-temperature Schottky diode-based WM-86 (WR-0.34) harmonic mixer was developed to build high-resolution spectrometers, and multipixel receivers in the terahertz (THz) region for applications such as radio astronomy, plasma diagnostics, and remote sensing. The mixer consists of a quartz-based local oscillator (LO), intermediate-frequency (IF) circuits, and a GaAs-based beam-lead THz circui...

This work presents the design of a low power upconversion mixer adapted in medical remote sensing such as wireless endoscopy application. The proposed upconversion mixer operates in ISM band of 433 MHz. With the carrier power of -5 dBm, the proposed mixer has an output inferred 1 dB compression point of -0.5 dBm with a corresponding output third-order intercept point (OIP3) of 7.1 dBm. The desi...

A CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) and mixer for a GPS front end is described. At 1.586Ghz the LNA minimum noise figure (NF) is 2.8dB, input third order intercept point (IIP3) is 2.45dB and forward gain is 30dB. With a 1.573Ghz local oscillator (LO) and a 1.586Ghz RF input the mixer minimum NF is 6.1dB, IIP3 is 12dB and a conversion gain of -3dB. The LNA and mixer consume 58mW of power from a 1.8...

Abstract. Since the 1970s, in-migration has driven swelling human presence and dramatic physical landscape changes in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon frontier. Particularly in recent years, population growth and redistribution has engendered important consequences on deforestation and on the incipient, but increasing, urbanization in the frontier. This paper uses longitudinal and multi-scale dat...

A theoretical model of foam as a consolidating continuum is proposed. The general model is applied to foam in a gravity settler. It is predicted that liquid drainage from foam in a gravity settler begins with a slow drainage stage. Next, a stage with faster drainage occurs where the drainage rate doubles compared to the initial stage. The experiments conducted within the framework of this work ...