glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness and a neurodegenerative disease with a complex pathogenesis. increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have crucial roles in most neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma. the conventional clinical treatment for glaucoma is lowering the intraocular pressure (iop). some patients have normal i...

The hydroxyl radicals are known to be a biologically active oxygen species. A remarkable enhancement of hydroxyl radical generation was observed in the mitochondria obtained from ischemic myocardium. The hydroxyl radicals are the primary reactive species leading to cellular damages, such as membrane damages, DNA damages, enzyme inactivation, protein denaturation and so forth. The origin of the ...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)plays an important role in sperm motility. The physiological generation at low concentration induces beneficial effects on sperm functions and plays a significant role in sperm metabolism. Meanwhile, the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species can overwhelm protective mechanism and triggers changes in lipid and protein layers of sperm plasma membrane, which ...

extremely low frequency (elf) electromagnetic field (elf-emfs) are widely employed in electrical appliances and different equipment such as television sets, elf-emfs can  affect biological systems by increasing production  ros. the altered balance between ros generation and elimination plays a critical role in a variety of pathologic conditions. ros levels have been observed in several hematopo...

Seizure activity has been proposed to result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which then contribute to seizure-induced neuronal damage and eventually cell death. Although the mechanisms of seizure-induced ROS generation are unclear, mitochondria and cellular calcium overload have been proposed to have a crucial role. We aim to determine the sources of seizure-induced ROS and ...

amodiaquine is an antimalarial drug used in the prophylaxis and treatment of this disease. however, hepatotoxicity as a life‑threatening adverse effect is associated with its clinical use. we evaluated amodiaquine-induced toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes as an in vitro model for studying drug‑induced hepatotoxicity. this study attempts to investigate the protective effects of taurine and n-...

Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species : An Evolution in Function Print ISSN: 0009-7330. Online ISSN: 1524-4571 Copyright © 2005 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Circulation Research doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000179773.18195.12 2005;97:302-304 Circ Res. http://circres.ahajournals.org/conte...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are integral components of multiple cellular pathways even though excessive or inappropriately localized ROS damage cells. ROS function as anti-microbial effector molecules and as signaling molecules that regulate such processes as NF-kB transcriptional activity, the production of DNA-based neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and autophagy. The main sources of c...

The air that we breathe contains nearly 21% oxygen, most of which is utilized by mitochondria during respiration. While we cannot live without it, it was perceived as a bane to aerobic organisms due to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites by mitochondria and other cellular compartments. However, this dogma was challenged when these species were demonstrated to modulate cel...