Cholesterol is an essential molecule for eukaryotic life and is an important precursor for a wide range of physiological processes. Biosynthesis and homoeostasis of cholesterol are complex mechanisms that are tightly regulated and interlinked with activities of a number of cytochrome P450 enzymes. These P450s play central critical roles in cholesterol metabolism. Key roles include a rate-limiti...

introduction ensiling is less dependent to weather condition and farmers are trying to ensile forages for preserving them for livestock feeding. ensiling legumes because of their buffering capacity and high moisture content are difficult. also, ensiling alfalfa will lose up to %85 of its nitrogen content as non-protein nitrogen. adding some additives like carbohydrate sources will improve alfal...

Microbes require several complex organic molecules for growth. A species may obtain a required factor by taking up molecules released by other species or by synthesizing the molecule. The patterns of uptake and synthesis set a flow of resources through the multiple species that create a microbial community. This article analyzes a simple mathematical model of the tradeoff between uptake and syn...

Three bulls (Zebu x Holstein) fitted with permanent cannuale in the rumen and in the duodenum were used to estimate the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen, when the dietary carbohydrate consisted of different proportions of sugar (molasses) and starch (cassava root). Freshly chopped cassava forage was given each day as a source of roughage and protein . The flow of digesta t...

We compared two radiotracer methods for measuring total microbial nucleic acid synthesis and specific growth rate. Using a sample from an oligotrophic environment, we found that there was excellent agreement between the two methods.

Net release of degraded N as NH3 and total AA plus microbial protein synthesis, quantified from incorporation of 15NH3 into microbial protein, was used to estimate the rate and extent of in vitro degradation of protein fractions isolated from alfalfa hay and silage. Seven proteins (casein, alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage, extracts from alfalfa hay and silage, and residues from alfalfa hay and silag...

Cathelicidins are a family of peptides thought to provide an innate defensive barrier against a variety of potential microbial pathogens. The human and mouse cathelicidins (LL-37 and CRAMP, respectively) are expressed at select epithelial interfaces where they have been proposed to kill a number of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. To determine if these peptides play a part in the prote...

The importance of microbial activity to ecosystem function in aquatic ecosystems is well established, but microbial diversity has been less frequently addressed. This review and synthesis of 100s of published studies on stream microbial diversity shows that factors known to drive ecosystem processes, such as nutrient availability, hydrology, metal contamination, contrasting land-use and tempera...

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of rain tree pod meal with palm oil supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and microbial populations in dairy cows. Four, multiparous early-lactation Holstein-Friesian crossbred (75%) lactating dairy cows with an initial body weight (BW) of 405±40 kg and 36±8 DIM were randomly assigned to receive dietary...

The effects of pressure toasting (100, 118 and 1368C for 3, 7, 15 and 30 min) of horse beans on potential ruminant protein nutritional values were evaluated by the new Dutch protein evaluation system: the DVE/OEB model. The items assessed in this experiment were: (a) rumen bypass protein (BCP); (b) rumen bypass starch (BSt); (c) fermented organic matter (FOM); (d) truly absorbed bypass protein ...