Bioconversion of lignocellulose by microbial fermentation is typically preceded by an acidic thermochemical pretreatment step designed to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Substances formed during the pretreatment of the lignocellulosic feedstock inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis as well as microbial fermentation steps. This review focuses on inhibitors from lignocellulosic feedstocks an...

Microbes produce an extraordinary array of microbial defense systems. These include classical antibiotics, metabolic by-products, lytic agents, numerous types of protein exotoxins, and bacteriocins. The abundance and diversity of this potent arsenal of weapons are clear. Less clear are their evolutionary origins and the role they play in mediating microbial interactions. The goal of this review...

Clinical and epidemiologic studies have suggested an association between infectious agents and chronic inflammatory disorders and cancer. Better understanding of microbial pattern-recognition receptors and innate immune signaling pathways of the host is helping to elucidate the connection between microbial infection and chronic disease. We propose that a key aspect of pathogenesis is an aberran...

Deferrioxamine B and rhodotorulic acid, iron-chelating agents of microbial origin, exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect on pathogenic Naegleria fowleri at microgram levels. This inhibition was diminished by adding iron to the chelators before incubation with Naegleria isolates. These and related microbial iron chelators occur naturally in the environment. This could be of considerable ecologi...

The large surface area provided by the respiratory tract epithelium of humans for exposure to microbial agents and toxic substances in the environment makes this organ system very vulnerable but a good early indicator of adverse health effects. However, the complexity of pulmonary defense mechanisms complicates definition of the interactive effects of pollutants and infectious agents. Tracheal ...

objective: the present study was carried out to determine the most potent available antimicrobials in the treatment of pathogens of reproductive health importance in nigeria. material and methods: using the agar disc-diffusion and modified agar well-diffusion methods, bacterial and fungal pathogens obtained from clinical specimens of female patients presenting at the university college hospital...

Antibiotics are (Greek anti-against, and Bioslife) microbial products or their derivatives that can kill susceptible microorganisms or inhibit their growth. Antibiotics are special kind of chemotherapeutic agent usually obtained from living organisms. Chemical agents, chemotherapeutic that are used to treat disease. A drug that disrupt a microbial function. The pharmaceutical industry has becom...

In 125 years since Metchnikoff proposed the use of Metarhizium anisopliae to control the wheat cockchafer and brought about the first field trials, microbial control has progressed from the application of naturalists' observations to biotechnology and precision delivery. This review highlights major milestones in its evolution and presents a perspective on its current direction. Fungal pathogen...

OBJECTIVES Widespread emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agents is a serious problem. The rate at which new agents are made available clinically is unlikely to keep up with these resistant pathogens, and there is an urgent need to accelerate antimicrobial agent development. We explored the use of mathematical modelling to guide selection of dosing regimens. METHODS Using time-kill studi...

Background: Neonatal sepsis is one of the most important causes of infant mortality in developing countries. The causative organisms for sepsis are various in different regions across the world. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of microbial agents and drug resistance pattern of the neonatal sepsis in newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Alzahra Hos...