Metallic implants placed in humans exhibit wear and corrosion that result in the liberation of metal-containing by-products. In the case of titanium (Ti) containing implants, the metal containing debris may exist in a number of states, including metallic particles produced by mechanical wear and the products of metal corrosion in biological environments, such as the joints and surrounding fluid...

This review focuses on the therapeutic effects of ions when released in physiological environments. Recent studies have shown that metallic like Ag+, Sr2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, P+5, etc., promising results drug delivery systems and regenerative medicine. These can be loaded nanoparticles, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs), hydroxyapatite (HA), calcium phosphates, polymeric coa...