We conducted two in vivo studies to explore how scientists respond to anomalies. Based on prior research, we identify three candidate strategies: mental simulation, mental manipulation of an image, and comparison between images. In Study 1, we compared experts in basic and applied domains (physics and meteorology). We found that the basic scientists used mental simulation to resolve an anomaly,...

Given a mental picture Ĝ = (V, Ê) of some unknown graph G = (V,E), how can we verify that our mental image is correct, when the unknown graph is only accessible by querying pairs of vertices and getting their shortest path distance in G? For graphs of bounded degree, we give an algorithm that uses a number of queries that is at most O(log n) times the minimum number achievable. For graphs that ...

A sex difference on mental-rotation tasks has been demonstrated repeatedly, but not in children less than 4 years of age. To demonstrate mental rotation in human infants, we habituated 5-month-old infants to an object revolving through a 240 degrees angle. In successive test trials, infants saw the habituation object or its mirror image revolving through a previously unseen 120 degrees angle. O...

This paper presents a system for the automated inference of complex mental states from observed facial expressions and head gestures in video. Head actions are identified from image-based pose estimation. Facial actions, including asymmetric ones, are extracted from motion, color and shape parameters. A multi-level dynamic Bayesian network classifier models complex mental states as a sequence o...

backgroundit is not clearly specified that which of the components of body mass index (bmi) affect body image and which of them do not. given that having information in this regard is of special importance as a basis for future planning for adolescents, the present research aimed to compare body image in female and male adolescents and study its relationship with body mass index in high school ...

Background Wayfinding involves behavior in order to navigate between the two points of origin and destination. The importance of this issue is considerable; because facility of wayfinding is directly related to improving the efficiency of space, and its psychological effects on human life. This study focuses on the effective physical factors in the wayfinding of ...

In studies of the cognitive processing of idioms, the role of mental imagery in understanding idioms remains a controversial issue. Cacciari and Glucksberg (1995) conducted an experimental study to investigate whether generating mental images of idioms can facilitate their comprehension. Their results appeared to reject both the possible connection between the literal mental image of an idiom a...

Rotation of a visual image in mind is associated with a slow posterior negative deflection of the event-related potential (ERP), termed rotation-related negativity (RRN). Retention of a visual image in short-term memory is also associated with a slow posterior negative ERP, termed negative slow wave (NSW). We tested whether short-term memory retention, indexed by the NSW, contributes to the RRN...

Mental representation and transformation of spatial information is often examined with mental rotation tasks, which require deciding whether a rotated image is the same or the mirror version of an upright image. Recent research with infants shows early discrimination of objects from mirror image versions. However, even at age 4, many children perform near chance level on more standard measures....