we show a lot of respect for science today. to back up our claims, we tend to appeal to scientific methods. it seems that we all agree that these methods are effective for gaining the truth. we can ask why science has its special status as a supplier of knowledge about our external world and our bodies. of course, one should not always trust what scientists say. nonetheless, epistemological jus...

backgrounds: one of the most difficult tasks carried out by educators in health plan field is educational program assessment and students' clinical evaluation. logbook is an assessing tool that reduces the distance between the theory and practice; it could be definitely worthwhile for both the professors and the students to achieve the clinical and educational objectives. the purpose of th...

conclusions considering the fact that other major pathological causes are ruled out, many of the symptoms and signs observed in these patients were similar to those associated with flatulency-related diseases in itm. selecting treatment with oxymel was based on this view and led to improvements in the digestive and urinary symptoms according to farsi version of the ipss and nprs. case presentat...

imam ali (peace be upon him) told that physicians must have pietism and don’t abstain from guidance, advice and diligence. islam religion recognizes medicine as an allowable and necessary profession.  prophet mohammad (pbuh) and imams (pbuh) tell that sage physician status in their science, art and tasks like jurisconsult scientist status. more than one thousand years ago, abubakr rabei ebne ah...

the use of herbal medicines in diabetes is promising but still far from proven. the purpose of this article is to examine the effect of herbal medicines in the treatment of diabetes, focusing on potential benefits and risks. medline, expert interviews, books, articles and internet searches were used to identify herbal medicines with anti-diabetic properties and their diabetes-related health eff...

inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract and includes ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease. during last decades, the incidence of ibd   has increased, both in children as well as in adults (1–3). while the precise etiology of ibd is unknown, inflammatory bowel disease occure due to an abnormal immune response to luminal antigens i...

while the introduction of radioactive tracers in the study of metabolic pathways has been well-documented in clinical thyroidology as early as 1924, the widespread utilization in other clinical specialties has been hampered by slow developments in radiation-detecting devices and in the production of appropriate radiopharmaceuticals, in addition tothe morbid fear of radiation. in the philippines...