STANDARDIZATION of the surgical treatment of strabismus has long been the ambition of surgeons. Even for the most experienced the number of millimetres of recession or resection to perform is always a difficult decision. Because of individual variation in response to similar surgical procedures, Cooper (1961) believed it difficult to predict the result. Knapp (1958) considered accurate estimati...

The purpose of this comparative study was to evaluate a long-term efficacy of lateral rectus muscle resection in the affected eye of patients with Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) with esotropia and limited abduction and to compare it with bilateral medial rectus recessions. We reviewed and compared the data of the group A with 23 patients who underwent a recession-resection procedure and the gr...

The Authors Reply We appreciate the clinical and radiological comments by Tsuda, concerning partial oculomotor fascicular paresis in our patient (1). He proposed the possibility that the left medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) syndrome and palsy of the right inferior rectus muscle were present in our patient. The red glass test and Hess chart were performed in our patient. These results revea...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to show the effect of different forefoot and heel support surfaces on the activities of the rectus femoris and medial hamstring muscles during the sit-to-stand task while wearing high-heel shoes. [Subjects] Fifteen female subjects were recruited. [Methods] The muscle activities of the rectus femoris and hamstring muscles were recorded using an MP150 syste...

Purpose: In this study the results of consecutive exotropia surgical treatment by using different surgical technics are presented. Methods: This study included 34 patients, aged 21 to 47 years (mean 27.9), who underwent medial rectus muscle advancement alone or in combination with medial rectus resection and/or lateral rectus recession. The mean interval between original surgery and surgery for...

purpose: to evaluate the clinical manifestations and surgical results in patients with double elevator palsy operated at labbafinejad eye center from 1993 to 2004. methods: the study was conduct on hospital records of 20 patients with double elevator palsy. patients were classified in three groups including primary elevator muscle palsy (9 subjects), primary supranuclear palsy with secondary in...

Extraocular muscle (EOM) paths during asymmetrical convergence were evaluated by tri-planar, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits of eight young adults during binocular fixation of a target aligned to one eye at 800 and 15 cm distance. Cross sections and paths of EOMs were determined from area centroids. In convergence, the aligned eye rotated and translated negligibly, wh...