-A theoretical approach to the analysis of historical factors (Raup 1972) in evolutionary morphology is presented which addresses transformational hypotheses about structural systems. This (structural) approach to testing historical hypotheses about phylogenetic constraints on form and function and structural and functional versatility involves (I) the reconstruction of nested sets of structura...

Im nutzungszentrierten Design werden Personas als zentraler Teil des Gestaltungsprozesses genutzt. Um zu untersuchen, welche Rolle Personas beim Fortschreiben bestehender Geschlechterstereotype spielen, wurden in einer empirischen Analyse 170 Persona-Beschreibungen hinsichtlich des dargestellten sozialen Umfelds, der Freizeitbeschäftigungen und der Technikkompetenz untersucht. Die Ergebnisse ze...

This research includes two experiments that examined (a) whether the assessment situation in which individuals complete an implicit measure of bias alters their responses and (b) whether the hypothesized effect of the assessment situation on implicitly assessed bias reflects socially desirable responding. Participants in Experiment 1 (N1⁄4 151) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuali...

Self-esteem has been traditionally assessed via self-report (explicit self-esteem: ESE). However, the limitations of self-report have prompted efforts to assess self-esteem indirectly (implicit self-esteem: ISE). It has been theorized that ISE and ESE reflect the operation of largely distinct mental systems. However, although low correlations between measures of ISE and ESE empirically support ...

The study examines how explicit and implicit perceptions of people of color are related to interracial interaction reluctance in the United States. A total of 169 college students completed a self-administered survey. The present analysis focuses on responses of 82 White (Caucasian) and 37 African American participants. Thirty-one of the 119 participants also took the ‘Black and White’ Implicit...

The United States is becoming increasingly diverse, yet interracial contact continues to be awkward, if not stressful, for many. Indeed, recent research suggests that individuals often exit interracial interactions feeling drained both cognitively and emotionally. This article reviews research examining how interracial encounters give rise to these outcomes, zeroing in on the mediating role of ...

Facial electromyography (EMG) was used to gauge emotional responding towards images of slim and overweight individuals, and findings were compared with data from a series of alternative measures including two implicit attitudinal procedures, the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicit measures of anti-fat prejudice and discriminatory...

Clinical implementation of anti-stromal therapies in pancreatic cancer has been delayed by unanticipated tumor-restraining properties the desmoplastic stroma. In confronting these challenges, Chen et al. demonstrate this issue Cancer Cell that fibroblast-specific deletion collagen I, background oncogenic Kras-induced spontaneous murine ductal adenocarcinoma, enhances immune suppression and acce...

Using a videogame to simulate encounters with potentially hostile targets, three studies tested a model in which racial bias in shoot/don’t-shoot decisions reflects accessibility of the stereotype linking Blacks to danger. Study 1 experimentally manipulated the race-danger association by asking participants to read newspaper stories about Black (vs. White) criminals. As predicted, exposure to s...

The false-fame effect is the phenomenon that familiar names are falsely judged famous more often than unfamiliar names. M.R. Banaji and A.G. Greenwald (1995) demonstrated a gender bias in the false-fame effect: In line with existing gender stereotypes, the false-fame effect was larger for male than for female names. A more general explanation for gender biasing in fame judgments is based on cog...