A new thermodynamic inequality is derived which leads to the maximum work that can be extracted from multi-heat-baths with the assistance of discrete quantum feedback control. The maximum work is determined by the free-energy difference and a generalized mutual information content between the thermodynamic system and the feedback controller. This maximum work can exceed that in conventional the...

Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene)]/ZnO nanorod hybrid solar cells consisting of PbS quantum dots [QDs] prepared by a chemical bath deposition method were fabricated. An optimum coating of the QDs on the ZnO nanorods could strongly improve the performance of the solar cells. A maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.42% was achieved for the PbS QDs' sensitive solar cell coa...

The Shockley-Queisser analysis provides a theoretical limit for the maximum energy conversion efficiency of single junction photovoltaic cells. But besides the semiconductor bandgap no other semiconductor properties are considered in the analysis. Here, we show that the maximum conversion efficiency is limited further by the excited state entropy of the semiconductors. The entropy loss can be e...

The main physical features and operating principles of isothermal nanomachines in the microworld, common to both classical and quantum machines, are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the dual, constructive role of dissipation and thermal fluctuations, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, heat losses and free energy transduction, thermodynamic efficiency, and thermodynamic efficiency at max...

Two novel host materials, 3-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (BFTC) and 3-(dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-4-yl)-9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (BTTC) were designed and synthesized. These two compounds exhibited excellent physical properties with high thermal stabilities and reasonable HOMO–LUMO energy levels. Both of them were applied to fabricat...

An electromagnetic study of the staircase approximation of arbitrary shaped gratings is conducted with three different grating theories. Numerical results on a deep aluminum sinusoidal grating show that the staircase approximation introduces sharp maxima in the local field map close to the edges of the profile. These maxima are especially pronounced in TM polarization and do not exist with the ...

An exponentiated Pareto distribution is defined. We then consider maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the threshold parameter β with known parameters α and c for the exponentiated Pareto distribution in (2.1) and then obtain the MLE of the tail-probability of the exponentiated Pareto distribution. Finally, we consider MLE of reliability in two independent exponentiated Pareto distributions.

in order to study of nutritional role of silicon nano-particles on physiological characteristics of minituber potato production an experiment was carried out as  factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in hydroponic culture at ferdowsi university, mashhad. treatments were included particle size of sodium silicate (nano and micro) and concentrations in levels...

We demonstrate efficient electroluminescence from thin film structures containing core-shell CdSe(ZnS) quantum dots dispersed in molecular organic host materials. In the most efficient devices, excitons are created on the quantum dot sites via energy transfer from organic host molecules, and direct charge injection into the quantum dots is minimized. For quantum dots with core diameter 38 A, th...