Construction project cost overrun is a common problem in the construction industry. The of projects thought to have increased by approximately 33% on average. Several types research been conducted and these generally rely historical data. However, whilst each has its own characteristics trend, real-time data are more reliable forecast trend. This paper proposes hidden Markov chain (HMM) model p...

In the present study, behavioral states for habitat selection are examined using a discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) combined with network model wildlife movement data. Four male boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) at Bukhansan National Park in South Korea were continuously tracked an interval of approximately 2 h to 313 days from June 2018 May 2019. The time-series positions matched covariates environ...

We study the entropy rate of a hidden Markov process, defined by observing the output of a symmetric channel whose input is a first order Markov process. Although this definition is very simple, obtaining the exact amount of entropy rate in calculation is an open problem. We introduce some probability matrices based on Markov chain's and channel's parameters. Then, we try to obtain an estimate ...