Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are decentralized applications that allow users to exchange crypto-tokens without the need for a matching order. AMMs one of most successful DeFi use cases: indeed, major AMM platforms process daily volume transactions worth USD billions. Despite their popularity, well-known suffer from transaction-ordering issues: adversaries can influence ordering user transacti...

in the market for factors of production usually the equilibrium will be stablished on the based of the equality between the value of marginal products of output and their relative price level. on the other hand the value of marginal product of output is a function of observed rate productivity of output and the market capacity of factors of production. thus the fluctuation in the rate of produc...