This paper considers some fundamental questions concerning marginally trapped surfaces, or apparent horizons, in Cauchy data sets for the Einstein equation. An area estimate for outermost marginally trapped surfaces is proved. The proof makes use of an existence result for marginal surfaces, in the presence of barriers, curvature estimates, together with a novel surgery construction for margina...

This research combined three distinctly unique and separate measures of corruption into one corruption factor, so as to yield a robust measurement approach to further understand the political and socioeconomic variables of corruption. The findings show that a strong significant variable in measuring corruption is the personal marginal-tax rate, especially in hierarchical based nations. The high...

Fox, G., Roberts, B. and Brinkman, G.L., 1992. Canadian dairy policy and the returns to federal dairy cattle research. Agric. Econ., 6: 267-285 The economic surplus approach is used to estimate the returns to federal investments in dairy cattle research in Canada. A national supply function is estimated using time series data. Lagged research expenditures are included as explanatory variables i...

We show that O(2, 2) transformation of SU(2) WZNW model gives rise to marginal deformation of this model by the operator d 2 zJ(z) ¯ J (¯ z) where J, ¯ J are U(1) currents in the Cartan subalgebra. Generalization of this result to other WZNW theories is discussed. We also consider O(3, 3) transformation of the product of an SU(2) WZNW model and a gauged SU(2) WZNW model. The three parameter set...

Sum-product networks are a relatively new and increasingly popular class of (precise) probabilistic graphical models that allow for marginal inference with polynomial effort. As with other probabilistic models, sum-product networks are often learned from data and used to perform classification. Hence, their results are prone to be unreliable and overconfident. In this work, we develop credal su...

The mutual information I(θ; X) between two random variables θ and X is defined as the Kullback-Leibler divergence between their joint distribution and the product of their marginal distributions. It is interpreted as the amount of information that X contains about θ.

The effect of endolymphatic hydrops on the Na-K-ATPase activity in the guinea pig stria vascularis was electron microscopically and enzyme cytochemically investigated one year after experimental induction. The morphological observations revealed intercellular dropsy in the basal infoldings of the marginal cells, and shrinkage and disappearance of intermediate cells. Moreover, shrinkage of the m...

For decades, economists have used the hedonic model to estimate demands for the implicit characteristics of differentiated commodities. The traditional cross-sectional approach can recover marginal willingness to pay for characteristics, but has faltered over a difficult endogeneity problem for non-marginal welfare measures. I show that when marginal prices can be reliably estimated, and when p...

Choice-based revenue management (RM) problems use discrete choice models to predict product-level demands. The estimation of choice-based RM models involves solving for choice parameters as well as an arrival rate. The latter represents a measure of unconstrained demand, i.e., the population of customers who arrive and purchase a product from our firm as well as those who arrive and either deci...

Background: Utilization of livestock waste and by products are always considered to be an important source livelihood for environment protection agricultural development. The study explores the prospective scope utilization dwelling into holdings their health profile, management bio-security practices sustainable livelihoods small marginal farmers tribal belts. Methods: With empirical survey, a...