INTRODUCTION Cancer immunotherapy has made much progress in recent years. Clinical trials evaluating a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches are underway in patients with malignant gliomas. Thanks to recent advancements in cell engineering technologies, infusion of ex vivo prepared immune cells have emerged as promising strategies of cancer immunotherapy. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors r...

Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that possess the ability to integrate into the host cell genome by transcribing DNA from their RNA template via viral reverse transcriptase. The transcribed viral DNA is then integrated into the host cell genome nonspecifically. There is relative specificity for tumors because, except for lentiviruses, retroviral DNA preferentially integrates into the geno...

BACKGROUND: Cytotoxic therapy for malignant gliomas is limited by poor delivery and drug resistance, and local therapy is ineffective in managing migratory cells. However, recent developments in malignant glioma therapy involve trials of cytostatic rather than conventional cytotoxic agents. METHODS: The biology of the brain extracellular matrix, tumor invasion, and angiogenesis are reviewed, an...