The anatomic diversity of the cerebellar arteriovenous malformations requires a classification which is more surgically informative. The selection tools like the Spetzler-Martin grading system are best suited for the cerebral arteriovenous malformations, while they are quite inaccurate for the cerebellar AVMs. For this reason, in order to define the subtypes of cerebellar arteriovenous malforma...

Malformations of neocortical development are associated with cognitive dysfunction and increased susceptibility to epileptogenesis. Rodent models are widely used to study neocortical malformations and have revealed important genetic and environmental mechanisms that contribute to neocortical development. Interestingly, several inbred mice strains commonly used in behavioral, anatomical, and/or ...

introduction: penile agenesis (pa) and diphallus (dp) are extremely rare genital anomaly in children. numerous associated anomalies have been described with these malformations. these patients need several investigations and finally surgical intervention.   material & methods: in a retrospective study, 14 patients who were treated for phallus malformation in mofid children’s hospital from janua...

BACKGROUND Data on the safety of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in pregnancy are inconsistent. We examined associations between SSRI use during early pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations in infants. METHODS Set in Northern Denmark, our population-based prevalence study included 216,042 women who had a live birth after the 20th week of gestation. We compared the prev...

BACKGROUND Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are high-flow lesions with abnormal connections between arteries and veins without an intervening capillary bed. Infrequently, the radiographic diagnosis of a vascular lesion will not support the clinical diagnosis of an AVM. These "discrepant" lesions are not adequately captured within the current classification system and represent a treatment dil...

Objective(s) Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug that is used widely for the treatment of epileptic seizures. Neural tube defects (NTDs), growth retardation, and nail hypoplasia are the most common features of teratogenic effects of this drug. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin B6 on the developmental toxicity of CBZ on mice. Materials and Methods Sixty B...

Background: Percutaneous treatment has been widely used in low flow vascular malformations. However, surgery still an important role the management of these patients.Objective: The aim this study is to assess indications for malformations, as well safety, efficacy, and recurrence rate.Patients Methods: A total 33 patients with malformations were enrolled study. Duplex ultrasonography magnetic r...