BACKGROUND Altered functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) has been associated with depression, but findings have been inconsistent. Among older depressed persons, both hyperactivity and hypo-activity of the HPA-axis were demonstrated. However, most studies were population-based studies, with single cortisol measurements, lacking insight into diurnal patterns of HPA-ax...

OBJECTIVE The authors sought to clarify the structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for 22 DSM-IV disorders: 12 common axis I disorders and all 10 axis II disorders. METHOD The authors examined syndromal and subsyndromal axis I diagnoses and five categories reflecting number of endorsed criteria for axis II disorders in 2,111 personally interviewed young adult members of the N...

OBJECTIVE Smaller hippocampal volume has been reported only in some but not all studies of unipolar major depressive disorder. Severe stress early in life has also been associated with smaller hippocampal volume and with persistent changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. However, prior hippocampal morphometric studies in depressed patients have neither reported nor controlled for a ...

It is important to reduce poststroke depression (PSD) to improve the stroke outcomes and quality of life in stroke patients, but the underlying mechanisms of PSD are not completely understood. As many studies implicate dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the etiology of major depression and stroke, we compared the cortisol awakening response (CAR) of 28 admitted PSD patients...

Variability in the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) gene can influence the risk of depression associated with adversity, as well as cortisol stress reactivity, although not consistently. No study has examined the impact of both a stressful environment and corticotropic-axis dysfunction on depression, as a function of 5-HTTLPR. This population-based study included 334 subjects aged 65 and older....

Every .nite two-dimensional partially ordered set has an inclusion representation by similar noncircular ellipses centered at the origin. The representing ellipses have the same ratio r of minor axis length to major axis length, and any r ∈ (0; 1) can be used for the representation. c © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

For optical neural networks implemented with computer-generated planar holograms the spacebandwidth product of the hologram is a major consideration. Off-axis holograms can be fabricated with a single binary transmission mask. However, the carrier frequency greatly increases the space-bandwidth product. On axis-holograms use a lower space-bandwidth product to encode interconnections but require...

This paper proposes a machine-learning-based framework for voltage quality analytics, where the space phasor model (SPM) of three-phase voltages before, during, and after event is applied as input data. The proceeds along with three main steps: (a) extraction, (b) characterization, (c) additional information extraction. During first step, it utilizes Gaussian-based anomaly detection (GAD) techn...

Maternal perinatal mental health has enormous consequences for the well-being of the mother, her baby, and the family. Although it is well documented that perinatal depression is both common and morbid, with a prevalence of 10% to 15% in the general population, there remain many critically important unanswered questions about the pathogenesis of perinatal depression and most effective treatment...

We survey studies which relate abnormal neurogenesis to major depressive disorder. Clinically, descriptive gene and protein expression analysis and genetic and functional studies revised here show that individual alterations of a complex signaling network, which includes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; the production of neurotrophins and growth factors; the expression of miRNAs; the pr...