The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is believed to degrade the major contractile skeletal muscle proteins and plays a major role in muscle wasting. Different and multiple events in the ubiquitination, deubiquitination and proteolytic machineries are responsible for the activation of the system and subsequent muscle wasting. However, other proteolytic enzymes act upstream (possibly m-calpain, ...

Apoptosis is a well-conserved cellular destructive event which has been implicated in a variety of diseases such as cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. The comprehensive investigation of apoptosis has been emerged in the field of skeletal muscle biology. Results have been consistent in demonstrating the activation of apoptotic machinery in different pathologic and physiologic muscle atrophi...

INTRODUCTION Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is a serious concern; however, there is not an effective mouse model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms. We developed a noninvasive atrophy model in mice. METHODS After the ankle joints of mice were bandaged into a bilateral plantar flexed position, either bilateral or unilateral hindlimbs were immobilized by wrapping in bonsai steel wire...

Dietary supplementation with hydrolysates has been suggested to influence muscle protein synthesis and fish growth. This study assessed the impact of including 3% swine blood (BH) in a plant-based diet on cellularity expression molecular markers related fibre proliferation hypertrophic growth European seabass. Three BH fractions were obtained by two different processes, autohydrolysis (AH-H) en...

OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression (2). A family of small ncRNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), have been shown to have a role in a wide range of developmental and cellular processes as well as certain pathologies such as cancer. This family of ncRNAs functions through a posttranscriptional mechanism by inhibiting mRNA transl...

Hibernating mammals present many unexplored opportunities for the study of muscle biology. The hindlimb muscles of a small rodent hibernator (Spermophilus lateralis) atrophy slightly during months of torpor, representing a reduction in the disuse atrophy commonly seen in other mammalian models. How torpor affects contractile protein expression is unclear; therefore, we examined the myosin heavy...

As you will see, all three referees recognise the interest in your work, but all also raise a significant number of concerns that would need to be addressed before we could consider publication. Most notable amongst these are the comments of referee 3 regarding the need for larger group sizes in the in vivo experiments. Extending the study accordingly would be an essential pre-requisite for pot...