atemporal relationshipbetweeninitiationofthedrugandsymptomsof edema (that can vary froma fewmonths to years)may suggest this association.4 The anatomical correlation between lymphedemaandthesiteofprevious surgery (or theareaof the AVFused for hemodialysis)may be explained because trauma to local lymphaticsbyprevioussurgerycancausefailureof lymphangiogenesis as apart ofwoundhealing. Themechanism...

Breast edema is defined as a mammographic pattern of skin thickening, increased parenchymal density, and interstitial marking. It can be caused by benign or malignant diseases, as a result of a tumor in the dermal lymphatics of the breast, lymphatic congestion caused by breast, lymphatic drainage obstruction, or by congestive heart failure. Here we describe several conditions, that cause unilat...

The proximity of the anal mucosa to the anal sphincters, the extensive blood supply and lymphatic drainage in this area, are important oncologic considerations. Lymphatic spread of anal canal lesions occurs in three different directions, superiorly to the mesorectal and superior hemorrhoidal nodes, laterally to the internal iliac nodes, and inferiorly to the inguinal and external iliac nodes. H...

OBJECTIVES Somatostatin inhibits lymph production and reduces lymph flow into the lymphatic duct. We hypothesized that octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analog, would reduce drainage after neck dissection (ND) by reducing the overall lymphatic flow in the neck as well as thoracic duct flow. METHODS From 2012 to 2014, total 123 patients who had undergone left-sided comprehensive ND, were ...

The accumulation of soluble and insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain indicates failure of elimination of Aβ from the brain with age and Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a variety of mechanisms for elimination of Aβ from the brain. They include the action of microglia and enzymes together with receptor-mediated absorption of Aβ into the blood and periarterial lymphatic drainage of Aβ. Althoug...

BACKGROUND Lymphatic drainage to multiple basins (MLBD) is frequently observed in patients with primary melanoma located in the trunk. Conflicting data regarding the prognostic impact of MLBD are reported. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We reviewed our case series of 352 patients with trunk melanoma to evaluate the pattern of basin drainage and to analyse whether different basin drainages may have dif...