Natural interaction between multiple users within a shared virtual environment (VE) relies on each other's awareness of the current position partners. This, however, cannot be warranted when employ noncontinuous locomotion techniques, such as teleportation, which may cause confusion among bystanders. In this paper, we pursue two approaches to create pleasant experience for both moving user and ...

The limb girdles and lungs of turtles are both located within the bony shell, and therefore limb movements during locomotion could affect breathing performance. A mechanical conflict between locomotion and lung ventilation has been reported in adult green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, in which breathing stops during terrestrial locomotion and resumes during pauses between bouts of locomotion. We...

The objective of the present study was to determine the location of the cholinergic neurons activated in the spinal cord of decerebrate cats during fictive locomotion. Locomotion was induced by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). After bouts of locomotion during a 7-9 h period, the animals were perfused and the L(3)-S(1) spinal cord segments removed. Cats in the control gro...

Drosophila adults display an unwillingness to enter confined spaces but the behaviors induced by spatial restriction in Drosophila are largely unknown. We developed a protocol for high-throughput analysis of locomotion and characterized features of locomotion in a restricted space. We observed intense and persistent locomotion of flies in small circular arenas (diameter 1.27 cm), whereas locomo...

Hyaluronan (HA) and one of its cell binding sites, fibroblast hyaluronan binding protein (HABP), is shown to contribute to the regulation of 10T1/2 cell locomotion that contain an EJ-ras-metallothionein (MT-1) hybrid gene. Promotion of the ras-hybrid gene with zinc sulfate acutely stimulates, by 6-10-fold, cell locomotion. After 10 h, locomotion drops to two- to threefold above that of uninduce...

Development of pharmacological strategies for the control of locomotion in patients with spinal cord injury or disease requires an understanding of the neuroactive substances involved in the activation of the spinal cord neural systems for the control of locomotion. Studies using the in vitro preparations of the lamprey, frog embryo, and newborn rat indicate that excitatory amino acids (EAAs) a...

23 We compared the activity profiles and synergies of spinal motoneurons recorded during 24 fictive locomotion evoked in immobilized decerebrate cat preparations by midbrain stimulation 25 to the activity profiles and synergies of the corresponding hindlimb muscles obtained during 26 forward level walking in cats. The fictive locomotion data were collected in the Spinal Cord 27 Research Centre,...

The activity of the motor cortex during locomotion is profoundly modulated in the rhythm of strides. The source of modulation is not known. In this study we examined the activity of one of the major sources of afferent input to the motor cortex, the ventrolateral thalamus (VL). Experiments were conducted in chronically implanted cats with an extracellular single-neuron recording technique. VL n...

This study examines the activity of different classes of neurons of the motor cortex in the rabbit during two locomotion tasks: a simple (on a flat surface) and a complex (overstepping a series of barriers) locomotion. Four classes of efferent neurons were studied: corticocortical (CC) neurons with ipsilateral projection (CCIs), those with contralateral projection (CCCs), descending corticofuga...

This paper explores controllability and efficient locomotion of a two-link planar robot balancing on a single, unactuated wheel. By actuating an internal degree of freedom, the model can indirectly produce ground reaction forces yielding net accelerations and decelerations, to achieve locomotion. As with classic humanoid locomotion, this toy system is particularly challenging to control due to ...